| abacus | calculator that performs arithmetic functions by manually sliding counters on rods |
| Abbas the Great | strongers leader of Safavid Empire, expanded trade w/ West - Abbas' reign, with its military successes and efficient administrative system, raised Iran to the status of a great power. Abbas was a skilled diplomat, tolerant of his Christian subjects in Armenia |
| abolitionists – | supporters of ending slavery |
| Abraham | the first of the Old Testament patriarchs and the father of Isaac; according to Genesis, God promised to give Abraham's family (the Hebrews) the land of Canaan (the Promised Land); God tested Abraham by asking him to sacrifice his son; "Judaism, Christianity, and Islam each has a special claim on Abraham" |
| abstract and surrealist art | art that doesn't depict objects in the natural world - weird looking stuff - not an apple, but apple with man crawling out |
| Abu Bakr | (632-634 C.E.) 1st caliph; one of Muhammad's earliest followers/closest friends |
| acculturation | the obtainment of culture by an individual or a group of people |
| Act of Toleration | 1689 - British law granting tolerance to minority faiths - ends generations of bloodshed |
| Afghan War | Failed attempt by USSR to take over Afghanistan - expense/negative public reaction hurt USSR communists - US supported Afghan guerillas |
| African National Congress | South African black political party that took over control in 1994 to defend the rights of the black majority |
| Afrikaners | An Afrikaans-speaking South African of European ancestry, especially one descended from 17th-century Dutch settlers. |
| age grade | a social category based on age, within a series of such categories, through which individuals pass over the course of their lives. This is in contrast to an age set, to which individuals remain permanently attached as the set itself becomes progressively more senior. |
| AIDS/HIV epidemic | Lacked initial funding/recognition as homosexual community disease - widespread epidemic in Africa - forces gov'ts to come up with policy on sex ed. and medicine |
| air pollution: | pollution in the air; from coal |
| Akio Morita | During postwar Japan, Akio Morita co-founded the Global company, Sony. |
| Al Khwarizmi | Persian scientist, mathematician, astronomer/astrologer, and author. He is often cited as "the father of algebra", which was named after a part of the title of his book, Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala, along with the algorism number system |
| Al Razi | A Persian Philosopher who made fundamental and lasting contributions to the fields of medicine, chemistry (alchemy) and philosophy. (865-925) |
| Alexander the Great | United Ancient Greece; Hellenistic Age, conquered a large empire. |
| Algerian War of Independence | Liberation movement against French - led to revolts in France - violent - French settler population refused to leave |
| alliance system - | After the Franco-Prussian War, Bismarck held that Germany was a "satiated state" which should give up ideas of further conquest; organized a system of alliances designed to maintain Germany's hegemony on the Eur. continent |
| Al-Qaeda | International Islamic fundamentalist organization. To reduce outside influence upon Islamic affairs. (some classify it as International terrorist organization) |
| Amritsar Massacre | British fire on unarmed protesters, Gandhi goes to prison, British get more restrictive |
| Analects | record of speeches and discussions by Confucius and his disciples |
| Andean societies | developed in the second millennium BCE in the central Andes and the central Pacific coast of South America. While oldest artifacts carbon date around 9750 BCE, evidence of a significant economic surplus begins around 2000 BCE. The Andean civilizations included the urbanized cultures of Chav�n, Moche, Ica-Nazca, Chimu, Tiwanaku, Aymara, Chachapoya, and other Pre-Inca cultures. The semi-urbanized Inca conquered greater Peru in the 15th century. Then, in the 16th century, the European fiefdom of Spain conquered Peru. |
| Andrei Sakharov | Soviet nuclear physicist, dissident and human rights activist. Sakharov was an advocate of civil liberties and reforms in the Soviet Union. |
| Anglo-Egyptian administration - | Anglo-Egyptian agreement restored Egyptian rule in Sudan but as part of joint authority exercised by Britain and Egypt. The agreement designated territory south of the twenty-second parallel as the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. |
| arabesque | Ornament or surface decoration with intricate curves and flowing lines based on plant forms |
| aristocracy | system of government with "rule by the best" |
| Aristotle | Along with Plato, he is often considered to be one of the two most influential philosophers in Western thought. He wrote many books about physics, poetry, zoology, logic, government, and biology. |
| Armenian genocide | 1915: Young turk leaders killed millions and sent hundreds of Amermenians to Russia and Middle East to cover up the blunders of reverses on the Russian Front |
| Aryan invasion of India | Aryans invaded and destroyed Indus River civilization |
| Ashanti Kingdom - | was a powerful state in West Africa in the years prior to European colonization. It was located in what is today southern and central Ghana. |
| Ashikaga Shogunate | (1336–1573) feudal military dictatorship ruled by the shoguns of the Ashikaga family. most of the regional power still remained with the provincial daimyo, and the military power of the shogunate depended largely on their loyalty to the Ashikaga. As the daimyo increasingly feuded among themselves in the pursuit of power, that loyalty grew increasingly strained, until it erupted into open warfare |
| Ashoka | of the Mauryan empire from 273 BC to 232 BC. A convert to Buddhism. |
| Askia Mohammed | king of the Songhai Empire in the late 15th century. He strengthened his country and made it the largest in West Africa's history. At its peak under Muhammad, the Songhai Empire encompassed the Hausa states as far as Kano (in present-day Nigeria) and much of the territory that had belonged to the Mali Empire in the west. His policies resulted in a rapid expansion of trade with Europe and Asia, the creation of many schools, and made Islam an integral part of the empire |
| assassination of Franz Ferdinand | Heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne who was assassinated in Bosnia-Herzegovina, which triggered the Austro-Hungarians to pledge war against Serbia, which then initiated WWI. |
| assembly line | An assembly line is a manufacturing process in which interchangeable parts are added to a product in a sequential manner to create an end product. |
| assimiliation | taking on the majority cultures attributes; "melting pot" |
| Assyrians and cavalry warfare | indigenous people of Mesopotamia and have a history spanning over 6700 years. Started cavalry warfare? |
| astrolabe | an instrument that was used to determine the altitude of objects (like the sun) in the sky. It was first used around 200 BC by astronomers in Greece. The astrolabe was replaced by the sextant |
| Atahualpa | the 13th and last emperor of the Incan Empire |
| Atlantic slave trade | purchase and transport of black Africans into bondage and servitude in the New World. It is sometimes called the Maafa by African Americans, meaning holocaust or great disaster in kiSwahili. The slaves were one element of a three-part economic cycle—the Triangular Trade and its infamous Middle Passage—which ultimately involved four continents, four centuries and the lives and fortunes of millions of people |
| Atlantic World | The water ways, between continents |
| Augsleich- | “compromise” – becomes Austria-Hungary |
| Augusto Pinochet | Chilean militar leader who in a coup deposed Salvador Allende; communist elected leader; created one party rule dictatorship - ruled w/ iron fist - human rights abuses |
| Auschwitz-Birkenau | most famous extermination camp |
| Austronesian | a large language family widely dispersed throughout the islands of Southeast Asia and the Pacific, with a few members spoken on continental Asia. |
| Avicenna | Persian physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on a wide range of subjects. Many of these concentrated on philosophy and medicine. He is considered by many to be "the father of modern medicine" |
| Avignon | In France--where the Palace of the Popes was built in the 14th century |
| Axis Powers | Alliance of Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II. |
| Axum | Kingdom located in Ethiopian highlands; defeated kingdom of Kush around 300 B.C.E. and succeeded by Ethiopia. Received strong influence from Arabian peninsula; eventually converted to Christianity |
| ayatollah | religious teachers that oppose secular views, ex: Ayatollah Khomeini, Islamic fundamentalist who played a pivotal role in the Iranian Revolution. |
| Ayatollah Khomeini | Leader of Iranian Revolution - group of students supporting seize US embassy 1979 - begins stage of anti-US sentiment - fundamentalist theocracy |
| ayllus | the basic political unit of pre-Inca and Inca life; core of extended families but nno non-related members were included |
| Aztec Empire | powerful Indian empire founded on Lake Texcoco (Mexico) |
| Bantu and their migrations | To the 10th century, the wave reached the east African interior. Bantu-speaking herders in the north and farmers in the south mixed with older populations in the region. Others were moving to the African coast. Thus creating coastal trading ports. |
| Bantun | term used to describe 400 diff ethnic groups in Africa, Cameroon to south Africa, which were untied by a common language (Bantu languages) |
| Baroque | exaggerated motion and clear, easily interpreted detail to produce drama, tension, exuberance, and grandeur in sculpture, painting, literature, and music. The style started around 1600 in Rome, Italy and spread to most of Europe |
| Bartolome de Las Casas | demonized role of Spanish and Columbus in treatment of Native Americans |
| Battle of Tours | (October 25, 732) Charles Martel, the Frankish Leader went against an Islamic army led by Emir Abd er Rahman; the Islamic army was defeated and Emir Abd er Rahman was killed. The battle stopped the northward advancement from Spain |
| Bay of Pigs | Failed attempt by US supported/trained Cuban exiles to overthrow Castro, failure embarasses US - increases Cuban-US tension |
| Belgian Congo - | present-day Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) between King Léopold II's formal relinquishment of personal control over the state to Belgium on 15 November, 1908, to the dawn of Congolese independence on 30 June, 1960. |
| benefice | A landed estate granted in feudal tenure. |
| Berlin Blockade | Stalin shuts off trains, planes, roads into East Berlin - attempt to cut off western influence - Berlin Airlift foils plans |
| Berlin Conference - | 884–85 regulated European colonization and trade in Africa |
| Bessemer process: | Process of rendering cast iron malleable by the introduction of air into the fluid metal to remove carbon. This was the first process for mass-producing steel inexpensively. |
| Bible (Old and New Testament) | holy text of Christianity. |
| Bill Gates | American computer software designer who Co-founded Microsoft and built it into one of the Largest computer software manufacturers |
| biotechnology, DNA, and genetics | gave humans ability to clone, find cause of illnesses, root of personalities, leads to moral conflicts |
| birth rates: | number of births eventually drops as middle class has less need for many kids |
| Bosnia | mountainous country in the western Balkans |
| Bosporus | a narrow strait separating European and Asian Turkey and joining the Black Sea with the Marmara Sea; also an important trade route |
| Bourbons | (18th century) A dynasty in Spain which launced a seiries of reforms aimed at strengthening the state and its economy; influenced Charless III |
| Bretton Woods | 1944 meeting of 45 Allied nations to create International Monetary Fund and World Bank - help rebuild world |
| Brezhnev Doctrine | 1968 policy - no Soviet Bloc country can try to break free from Warsaw Pact - control of Soviets |
| brinkmanship | introduced during the Cold War, policy or practice, especially in international politics and foreign policy, of pushing a dangerous situation to the brink of disaster in order to achieve the most advantageous outcome by forcing the opposition to make concessions. During the Cold War, the threat of nuclear force was often used as such a deterrent. |
| British Commonwealth | An association comprising the United Kingdom, its dependencies, and many former British colonies that are now sovereign states with a common allegiance to the British Crown |
| bubonic plague | A highly contagious disease, that was fatal and otherwise known as the disease spread in Asia and Europe in 1347-1351 by the Chinese and Mongols |
| Buddhism | religion and philosophy based on the teachings of the Buddha, Siddhārtha Gautama. Originating in India, Buddhism gradually spread throughout Asia to Central Asia, Sri Lanka, Tibet, Southeast Asia, as well as the East Asian countries of China, Mongolia, Korea, Japan, Vietnam and Thailand. |
| bureaucracy | elaborate govt. sys. That has numberous people involved in processinga nd administering the govt.--all the people that work for the government |
| bullion - | Gold or silver considered with respect to quantity rather than value. |
| Burghers | Dutch equivalence of bourgeoisie; the middle class |
| bushido | Japanese warrior code of conduct, similar to the chivalry system in Europe |
| caliph | the political and religious successor to Muhammed; ruler of Muslim territories |
| calligraphy | writing art form |
| Calpulli | Aztec clans that distributed land and provided labor and warriors |
| Camp David Accords | US moderated peace talks between Egypt and Israel - broke down Arab unity, Egypt loses influence in Arab matters |
| capital | The initial amount of money to start a business |
| capitalism | economic system where government stays out of companies choices, market - supply/demand determine product, goal is to make profit to reinvest in company |
| Carolingian Dynasty | (8-10th century) Royal house of franks that succeeded the Merovingian dynasty; most prominent member was Charlemagne |
| cartels | association of manufacturers with the purpose of maintaining prices at a high level and restricting competition. In Latin American nations- large foreign debts, huge international drug cartel that threaten government stability. |
| caste | Social status or position conferred by a system based on class in India |
| Catholic Church in Latin America | very powerful in Latin America. One of the largest land owners in Latin America - lobbies to keep conservative rule, economic/social/political interest |
| Cecil Rhodes- Britain/Africa – | “I contend that we are the finest race in the world, and the more of it we inhabit, the better it is.” |
| celadon | Korean and Japanese pottery with a light green glaze |
| Celts | group of peoples that occupied lands stretching from the British Isles to Gallatia. Went to war with Romans. |
| Central Asia and Mongolia | historically been closely tied to its nomadic peoples and the Silk Road. As a result, it has acted as a crossroads for the movement of people, goods, and ideas between Europe, the Middle East, South Asia, and East Asia |
| Central Powers | An alliance during WWI with Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy(though it left and became neutral), and the Ottoman Empire (which joined after Italy left) |
| centralized government | government in which the power is held by an individual or group and that individual or group controls the territory/empire/country |
| centralized monarchy | a monarchy whose rule included concentrated far-reaching power |
| ceremonial centers | temples, places of sacrifice |
| Charles de Gaulle | First president of France's 5th Republic - Gaullism - independence from international world - withdraws from NATO - pushed for social welfare |
| Charles Martel | Charles the "Hammer"; led the the Battle of Tours and saved Europe from the Islamic expansion. (732 C.E.) |
| Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor - heritage from German Hapsburgs, Burgundy, Spanish heritage - united empires |
| Che Guevera | Marxist revolutionary leader in Latin America - helped Castro in Cuba, later went to Africa - Congo - famous for being on high school T-shirts - 97% of high school students don't know why they wear it |
| Chimor | political grouping of the chimu culture that ruled the northern coast of Peru, from 850-1470 |
| China, early | Xia, Shang, Zhou, Warring States Period, Qin, Han |
| chinampas | known as floating gardens, small, rectangle-shapes area of fertile arable land used for agriculture in the Xochimilco region of the Basin of Mexico |
| Chinese Communist Party | Founded by Chinese Communist leader and theorist Mao Zedong… who led the Long March (1934–1935) and proclaimed the People's Republic of China in 1949. He then initiated the Great Leap Forward and the founding of communes. He continued as party chairman after 1959 and was a leading figure in the Cultural Revolution (1966–1969). |
| Chinese tributary system | form of conducting diplomatic and political relations with China before the fall of the Qin Dynasty. |
| Chinese values, compatibility of… | Both Confucianism and Daoism co-existed and were patronized side by side, C providing guidelines, and D satifying spiritual need |
| Chinua Achebe | Things Fall Apart - novel about African independence |
| cholera/tuberculosis: | various diseases that spread through urban eras during the IR |
| Christian missionaries – | Christians who traveled into other countries and attempted to spread the Christian faith. Enthusiastically persecuted in Japan by Tokugawa… |
| Christian monks | clergy of Christianity, spread the religion |
| Christopher Columbus | "discoverer" of Americas, looking for shortcut/western route to East Indies - controversial character - treatment of indigenous people/African slave introduction vs. Columbian Exchange and starting new wave of exploration, starts era of European dominance |
| Cicero | Conservative Roman senator; stoic philosopher; one of the greatest orators of his day; killed in reaction to assassination of Julius Caesar |
| city-states | a sovereign state consisting of an independent city and its surrounding territory |
| civil service exam – | Exam all Chinese government official-to-be’s had to go through in order to prove themselves |
| Civil War, US | 1861-1865 - First modern war using industrial revolution, ironclad ships, new technology, massive deaths |
| class diversification in Europe | growth of middle class between aristocracy and peasantry |
| class tension: | tension between classes during the IR due to income gap, social treatment, etc. |
| Classical Civilizations | relates to those early civilizations that left a major impact on the world: Roman, Greek, Han, Gupta |
| clergy | generic term used to describe the formal religious leadership within a given religion |
| coalition | Alliance between entities (nations, states, groups). The US used diplomacy to create a wide coalition of support. In the Post Cold war alliances and coalition were always shifting. OPEC is the most successful coalition in history. |
| code of Bushido | 14th c. - Way of the Warrior for Japanese samurais; defined service and conduct appropriate to their status |
| code of chivalry | Social codes of knighthood that originated in France in the Middle Ages; associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and of courtly love; came to known as 'gentlemanly conduct.' |
| code of the samurai | Also called bushi-do, which literally means "road of the warrior."; Based on principles of loyalty, courage and honor |
| Cold War | US (democracy) vs. Soviet Union (totalitarian communist). Lasted nearly 50 years, 1945 to early 1990’s. US and Soviets vied for global domination and tried to pull the rest of the world into the war. Arms race between the two nations. |
| Cold War | Ideological, economic and military conflict between superpowers - 1945-1989 - world takes sides - bipolar world |
| Columbian Exchange | biological and ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New world; animals, plants, and diseases of the two hemispheres were transferred |
| coercive labor systems | included: slavery, indentured servitude, and serfdom |
| Collapse of the Berlin Wall | Symbolic end of the Cold War - divide between East and West Berlin - protesters threatened to take apart and military didn't stop them - 1989 |
| collective security | system for international peace |
| colonization | need for markets, resources for industrializing nations - also needed precious metals to fuel Iberian Peninsula wealth, also Europeans emigrated due to lack of land, overpopulation, chance for new beginning |
| commercial revolution | of European economic expansion, colonialism, and mercantilism which lasted from approximately 1520 until 1650. Voyages of discovery in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries allowed European powers to build vast networks of international trade, which in turn generating a great deal of wealth for them |
| Commodore Perry | US Commodore who defeated British on Lake Erie |
| communism | system of government in which every one is equal, property is owned by the government |
| Communist Manifesto - Karl Marx: | document relating proletariat with the IR (Industrial Revolution), proletariat should overthrow bourgeoisie - roots of communism |
| compass | Device used to determine geographic direction |
| computer technology, Internet, WWW | connects world, puts largest library in the world on your desk, flattens world, allows service/IT work to be done anywhere, changed face of workplace, increased consumer culture |
| Confucianism | an East Asian ethical and philosophical system originally developed from the teachings of Confucius. |
| Confucius or K’ung Fu-tzu | Teacher/founder of Confucianism. |
| Congress System/Metternich – | Austrian diplomat at the Congress of Vienna - system of Europe working together |
| conquistador | Spanish soldiers, explorers, adventurers who spread across Americas |
| conservatism- | not changing or innovating, holding on to traditional values. |
| conservative backlash | A retaliation from often strict religious groups |
| conservative or conservatism | Person who generally likes to uphold current conditions and oppose changes; religious movement whose position lies between the Orthodox and Reform |
| Constantine and the Edict of Milan | Outlawed/killed people practising christianity. |
| Constantinople/ Byzantine Empire | Made into second capital by Constantine in attempts to help Rome turn its economy around. |
| Constitution of 1890- | elected parliament, Diet - Japan |
| constitutional monarchy | a monarchy whose power is defined and limited by a constitution |
| consumerism | massive purchase and industrialized toward consumer products - not necessities of life - just make us have a ton of stuff |
| containment | Where the US prevented the spread of Communism by establishing the Truman Doctrine to aid nations threatened by communism. |
| Contras | Supported by US both legally and illegally - anti-revollutionaries in Nicaragua - fought the Sandinistas (communist leaning) |
| Coptic Christian Kingdom | One of the few regions in Africa unoccupied by the Europeans. |
| corvee | labor tax; in China peasants were required to work a portion of their time on public works projects |
| Cossacks | several peoples living in the southern steppe regions of Eastern Europe and Asiatic Russia, famous for their self-reliance and military skill, particularly horsemanship |
| cotton gin/Eli Whitney: | The cotton gin is a machine invented in 1793 invented by American Eli Whitney (granted a patent on March 14, 1794) to mechanize the production of cotton fiber. Led to increase of Atlantic Slave Trade |
| Counter-reformation | The Catholic Reformation or the Counter-Reformation was a strong reaffirmation of the doctrine and structure of the Catholic Church, climaxing at the Council of Trent, partly in reaction to the growth of Protestantism |
| coup d' etat | overthrow of a state/government |
| crucifixion and resurrection (Easter) | Died on Good Friday, resurrected on Easter Sunday. |
| Cuban Missile Crisis | In 1962 Soviets were installing their missiles in Cuba and Pres Kennedy established a naval blockade around Cuba. If the missiles were launched the US would retaliate against the Soviet Union. The Soviets backed down and Americans promised not to invade Cuba. |
| cult of domesticity – | view that preached women’s role was in the house taking care of the children |
| cult of true womanhood | Virutes of submissiveness, piety, domesticity, modesty, feminity. |
| cultural diffusion | spread of ideas and material culture, especially if these occur independently of population movement |
| cultural diffusion versus independent innovation | spread through cultures vs. independent inventing |
| Cultural Revolution | Goal was to discourage a privileged ruling class from forming, he instituted reforms that erased any influence from the West, intellectuals were sent to collective farms for “cultural restraining”, political dissidents were imprisoned or killed. Mao’s Little Red Book became a symbol of the forced egalitarianism. |
| currency-based economy | Unified monetary and banking systems are present in the economy |
| Cuzco | capital city of the Incan Empire |
| Cycle of Revolution – | calls for change from monarchy followed by moderate government followed by radical government followed by moderate government followed by monarchy |
| Cyrillic alphabet | an alphabet derived from the Greek alphabet and used for writing Slavic languages |
| Czar Nicholas II- | doesn’t react to revolution, socialists organize, tried to rally Russians around the flag but lost against Japanese |
| czar or tsar | male monarch/emperor of Russia |
| Daoism | set of philosophical teachings and religious practices rooted in a specific metaphysical understanding of the Chinese character Tao. For taoists, Tao could be described as the continuity principle behind the whole process of the constantly changing Universe. |
| dar-al-Islam | unity in the Islamic world through language and religion; similar to "nationalism, but transcends boundaries of race and ethnic background = World of Islam |
| Dardanelles | a straight connecting the Aegean Sea with the Sea of Marmara |
| Dark Continent | A former name for Africa, so used because its hinterland was largely unknown and therefore mysterious to Europeans until the 19th century |
| David and Solomon | David - Greatest king of jews. Solomon - wisest king on earth; fell to evilness, turned away from his God. |
| Declaration of Independence - Thomas Jefferson | document outlying America’s separation from Britain and the reasons why, written by American political and revolutionary leader |
| decolonization | following WWII - nations pushed to be free of European control - Europe focused on own issues, allowed decolonization at varying degrees - based on settler population |
| Delhi Shogunate | various Afghan dynasties that ruled in India from 1210 to 1526 |
| demesne land | The part of the lord's manorial lands reserved for his own use and not allocated to his serfs or freeholder tenants. Serfs worked the demesne for a specified numbers of days a week |
| democracy | form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens. |
| democratizing elements | Elements needed for political freedom |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA - building blocks of life - once decoded leads to cloning possibilities, health remedies, tracking people |
| desalinization | Expensive effort to turn salt water into fresh water - usually located in Persian Gulf regions |
| Desmond Tutu | Bishop - spoke out against apartheid in S. Africa - Noble Peace Prize - called diverse S. Africa a Rainbow Nation |
| despotism | a system of government where a single authority rules with absolute power |
| détente | Term for reduction in tension between USA - USSR between 1960 and 1980s |
| devshirme | system of collection of young boys from conquered Christian lands by the Ottoman sultans as a form or regular taxation in order to build a loyal slave army and class of administrators: the Janissaries, or other servants such as tellak |
| Diego Rivera | famous Mexican muralist - once put Mexican Communist leaders w/ US Founding Fathers in Rockefeller Center |
| diet | no real power, hardly a representative legislative group; Japanese Emperor still had power. |
| differentiated labor | labor shared amongst the peasant class |
| diplomatic | An arbitrator between 2 or more groups |
| Directory – | the government of revolutionary France from 1795 to 1799 |
| dismal science | Negative views of capitalism. |
| divine right | belief that God stays out of our daily lives - he's a big clockmaker who started the universe, gave us everything we need, European belief by monarchs, aristocracy that their right to rule was legitimized/sanctioned by God,I was born into a monarchy, I must deserve it |
| dome | a common structural element of architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a sphere |
| Dome of the Rock | Islamic shrine in Jerusalem; believed to be the site where Muhammed ascended to Heaven |
| domestic/putting out system | Working on pieces of a product at home and the finalizing and selling them in the marketplace |
| domestication of plants and animals | Farming system where animals are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures |
| domino theory | Ideology that dominated 1950s/1960s, if one nations goes communist, neighboring countries would likewise turn Communist |
| Dravidians | people of southern and central India and northern Sri Lanka who speak Dravidian languages; early settlers of south Asia |
| Dreyfus Affair- | Jewish officer accused of selling secrets to Germ |
| Dutch learning | Rangaku - method by which Japan kept abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners, 1641–1853, because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation |
| dynasty | a family/group that maintains power for several generations |
| early Medieval Europe “Dark Ages” | a period in history between the last emperor of Rome, 475 A.D., and the Renaissance, about 1450 (15th century). Art production during this period was dominated by the Catholic Church. |
| East Timor | Roman Catholic ethnic group that fought to gain independence in Indonesia - Suharto falls from power, they fight back - poorest nation in the world - newest nation in the world |
| Eastern and Western Fronts | Eastern Front was the former East Germany, parts of Central Europe and Russia. The Western Front was the “Low Countries” (who for the most part remained neutral), France, Great Britain and then the United States. |
| Eastern Question- | gradual decline of the Ottoman Empire presented Europe with choices |
| economic backwardness | Latin America – caused by mercantilism and monoculture system |
| economic exploitation | The misuse, taking advantage of another, often more beneficial economy |
| economic imperialism – | practice of promoting the economy of one nation in another. It is usually the case that the former is a large economically or militarily powerful nation and the latter is a smaller and less developed. |
| economic mobilization of home front | the continuing of each country’s own economy during the time of warfare and battles. New labor laws were set and women often replaced men as males had to serve time in military during the World Wars. |
| Egypt | the civilization of the Lower Nile Valley, between the First Cataract and the mouths of the Nile Delta, from circa 3300 BC until the conquest of Alexander the Great in 332 BC. As a civilization based on irrigation, it is the quintessential example of a hydraulic empire. |
| Egyptian Book of the Dead | common name for the ancient Egyptian funerary texts. Constituted a collection of spells, charms, passwords, numbers and magical formulas for use by the deceased in the afterlife, describing many of the basic tenets of Egyptian mythology. They were intended to guide the dead through the various trials that they would encounter before reaching the underworld. Knowledge of the appropriate spells was considered essential to achieving happiness after death. |
| Eightfold Path | way to the cessation of suffering, the fourth part of the Four Noble Truths. |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | Queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; married Henry II that marriage was annulled and became Queen of England during 1152-1204 |
| Eleanor of Aquitaine | queen of France as the wife of Louis VII; that marriage was annulled in 1152 and she then married Henry II and became Queen of England (1122-1204) |
| Elizabeth I | English monarch 1558-1603, ruled under religious turmoil, Elizabethan Age - golden age of England |
| Emancipation/freed from slavery | 1833 Britain abolishes slavery; 1861 serfs freed in Russia; 1863, Emancipation Proclamation in US; 1888, Brazil last to outlaw slavery |
| Emancipation Proclamation | issued by US President, Lincoln, in 1863 to free the slaves as each southern state was defeated |
| emancipation of Russian serfs – | edict issued in 1861 by Alexander II |
| embargo | A prohibition by a government on certain/all trade with a foreign nation - method of pressuring a nation diplomatically |
| Emperor Hirohito | figurehead of Japan, actually controlled by military when the war starts for Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere |
| Emperor Taisho | Emperor of Japan (1912–26). His given name was Yoshihito. The son of Mutsuhito, the Meiji emperor, he succeeded to the throne in 1912, but because of illness he played little part in governing the nation. His reign was characterized by democratization, friendly relations with the West, and economic growth. In 1921 Taishō was declared mentally incompetent and his son Hirohito was made regent. |
| Emperor Xuanzong | (reigned 713-755) Leading Chinese emperor of the Tang dynasty; encouraged overexpansion |
| empirical research | data needed to support logical views - theories made not what you believe, but what you can prove |
| Empress Cixi – | disastrous Chinese monarch whose policies led to economic stagnation and China’s decline |
| Enabling Act | Passed by Germany's parliament (the Reichstag) on March 23, 1933. It was the second major step after the Reichstag Fire Decree through which the Nazis obtained dictatorial powers using largely legal means. The Act enabled Chancellor Adolf Hitler and his cabinet to enact laws without the participation of the Reichstag. |
| Enclosure movement: | During the Industrial Revolution, it was the consolidation of many small farms into one large farm, which created a labor force as many people lost their homes |
| encomienda | system of Spanish rule in Americas where Spanish landowners have right to forced labor for all indigenous people living on land grant |
| Energy Crunch of the 1970s | aftermath of an Arab oil embargo crimped American energy consumption |
| English Enlightenment | 1649-1690 - England reduces power of monarchy through overthrow of Cromwell, Glorious Revolution, English Bill of Rights, and writing by John Locke and Thomas Hobbes |
| Enlightened monarchs/despots | monarchs embraced the principles of the Enlightenment, especially its emphasis upon rationality, and applied them to their kingdoms. They tended to allow religious toleration, freedom of speech and the press, and the right to hold private property. Most fostered the arts, sciences, and education |
| entrepreneur | person who starts up company to compete in capitalist system, must secure capital from financing - bank/currency system useful |
| entrepreneurship: | significant to the IR because entrepreneurs are who help begin the IR |
| Environmentalism | post-industrial movement to improve water supply, air, land pollution, animals, other small critters - save environment for our future |
| Estates-General | meeting of French governing body called to find way of bringing in more income to the state, backfires and leads to French Revolution |
| ethnic cleansing | mass expulsion or killings of a certain ethnic or religious group; eg. WWII: the holocaus, massive killings of Tutsis by Hutus in the Rwandan Genocide. |
| ethnocentrism | to look at the world primarily from the perspective of one's own cultural superiority |
| eugenics | study of heredity improvement of the human race controlled by selective breeding |
| Eurasia’s great age of migrations | Increase in migrations from Eurasia. |
| euro | to dismantle all trade and currency exchange barriers among member nations. A single currency, set up in many member countries by 2001. |
| European and Arab domination of the East African-Indian Ocean trade network | Portugal and Islam dominated trade of trees, exotic animals, slaves to Arab world, back to Europe |
| European Coal and Steel Community | 1958 - first attempt to unite W. European countries economically |
| European Economic Community | European Economic Community- create a single economic entity across national political boundaries. |
| European religious wars | Following Reformation - European regions fought each other on whether to be Protestant or Catholic, stay Catholic, still pay taxes to Church, Church owns property, but traditional, princes/leaders would change minds & people would have to follow |
| European Union | started as European Economic Community, an alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Swede, Austria, Finland. It was to create a single economy across national boundaries in 1958. |
| evangelical | not Catholicism - personal experience of conversion, biblically-oriented faith, and a belief in the relevance of Christian faith to cultural issues |
| excommunication | kicked out of the Church, threat made for those who had heretical views |
| existentialism | human existence as having a set of underlying themes and characteristics, such as anxiety, dread, freedom, awareness of death, and consciousness of existing. Existentialism is also an outlook, or a perspective, on life that pursues the question of the meaning of life or the meaning of existence |
| exploration | search of new borders and areas |
| extraterritoriality | Diplomatic jurisdiction, exempted from local jurisdiction |
| factory system: | The factory system was a method of manufacturing adopted in England during the Industrial Revolution. Workers would come to work in a city factory, often making low-quality goods in mass amounts. The method prior to the introduction of factories was the domestic system. The result of the factory system was that the quality of goods declined. Since factories were based in large cities, people from rural areas moved into the city to get work. |
| family units, clans, tribes | A group of people sharing common ancestry |
| February Revolution | Caused by dissatisfaction with the way the country was being run. Transfer of power from the Tsar. |
| feminist reform - early phases | reform family/ divorce law, own property/ divorce, teaching and nursing (women’s sphere) |
| feminist reform - later phases | pushed for suffrage led by upper class women. |
| Ferdinand Magellan | 1521 - led first attempt to circumnavigate the globe |
| Ferdinand, King of Spain | marriage to Isabella created united Spain; responsible for reconquest of Granada, initiation of exploration of New World |
| Fertile Crescent | a region in the Middle East incorporating present-day Israel, West Bank, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq and south-eastern Turkey. |
| Fidel Castro and Cuban Revolution | Overthrows Cuban gov't, believed too much of Cuban nation controlled by foreign interests, adopts Communist-state-controlled/nationalized economy (1959) |
| fiefs | Plots of land owned by a lord, little kingdoms |
| filial piety | respect for parents and other senior members of the family (filial = family) |
| Final Solution | Nazi decision to exterminate Jews, last years of World War II, shipped to extermination camps |
| finished goods: | manufactured goods |
| First/Second Reich- | First Reich “Holy Roman Empire”, second Reich “second empire” |
| First/Second/Third Estate | nobility, clergy, everybody else; relates to France, particularly |
| Five Pillars of Islam | obligatory religious duties of all Muslims: confession of faith, prayer (5 times a day facing Mecca), fasting during Ramadan, zakat (tax for charity), and the hajj (pilgrimage) |
| Five Year Plans | Stalin discarded the New Economic Policy (NEP) of Russia and imposed the Five Year Plans and collectivization played a huge part. |
| footbinding | began Tang Dynasy - 700, eventually spread to all classes, feet bound on girls at 6 years old, status symbol - only rich could afford to do it, symbol of femininity - women willing to go through pain for appearance; confined women to homes |
| footbinding as metaphor | The societal restrictions imposed upon women as families became wealthier, women status lowered |
| foraging societies | Nomadic, small communities and population, no political system, economic distribution is more = |
| foraging | Gathering food, usually nuts, berries, roots, etc |
| foreign investment | Investing in other countries’ economies |
| Four Noble Truths | fundamental insight or enlightenment of Sakyamuni Buddha (the historical Buddha), which led to the formulation of the Buddhist philosophy. |
| Fourteen Points | Created by Woodrow Wilson during the Paris Peace Conference. (1. end to secret treaties, 2. freedom of the seas, 3. arms reduction, 4. decolonization, 5. self-determination, 6.League of Nations-for disputes). |
| Fourth Republic- | France becomes democratic republic- universal suffrage. |
| Francois Mitterand | More pro-West w/ policies, president France 1981-1995 |
| Franks | a group of Germanic tribes in the early Christian era; spread from the Rhine into the Roman Empire |
| Frederick the Great | a king of Prussia from the Hohenzollern dynasty, reigning from 1740 to 1786. - enlightened monarch |
| French and Indian Wars | wars between England and France over land, secession, and power - end up being played out in North America - colonists and British vs. French and Indians - debt from these wars eventually leads to high British taxes which lead to American revolution |
| French Revolution, causes of | absolute monarchy abuses power, policies of Louis XVI, economic troubles, war debts, and droughts |
| Fridrich Nietzche- | “God is Dead”, All systems of morality valueless in the materialistic modern age. |
| Fundamentalist jihad | A holy war raged by Muslims against Non-believers, although in recent times, even attacks by one Muslim group against another have risen. |
| G-8 Summit | Canada, France, Italy, US, Germany, UK, Japan, Russian Federation - represent 70% of world's economy - meet annually for economic/political discussions |
| Geneva Conference | After France lost the battle at Dien Bien Phu, they signed the treaty in 1954. Nations of Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam were created and Vietnam was divided into north/south – elections in a 2 years. |
| Genghis Khan | successful military leader, united mongol tribes, was the founder of the Mongol empire (1206-1368) |
| genocide | The systematic and planned extermination of an entire national, racial, political, or ethnic group. |
| Germany's "blank check" | After Sarajevo, Count Leopold von Berchtold, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, sent a letter to Emperor Francis Joseph to sign and send to Wilhelm II to try and convince him of Serbia's responsibility of Franz Ferdinand’s assassination. On July 6th, Wilhelm II and Theobald von Bethmann-Hollweg, told Berchtold that Austria-Hungary could rely that Germany would support whatever action was necessary to deal with Serbia -- in effect offering von Berchtold a 'blank check.' |
| Ghana | Formed by 8th century by exchanging gold from the forests of west Africa for salt/dates from the Sahara or for goods from Mediterranean north Africa. Camels, were introduced tcreating better trade. By 3rd century C.E. it rose to power by taxing the salt and gold exchanged within its borders. 10th century, rulers had converted to Islam and were at its height of power. Almoravid armies invaded Ghana from north Africa (1076), the power was declining despite the kingdom’s survival. 13th century, new states rose. |
| Gilgamesh | Gilgamesh became a legendary protagonist in the Epic of Gilgamesh. |
| Giuseppi Garibaldi- | Italian nationalist kicks out Spain. |
| global village - Marshall McLuhan | 1960s theory that technology and mass media would break down political boundaries |
| global warming | threat that industrialization has put wholes in ozone layer which will heat up water temperature, melt glaciers, causing huge problems - end of the world -we're all going to die |
| gold trade in West and Central Africa | made inland nations rich, relied on slave trade and gold to increase wealth, stunted/slowed industrialization, made African nations dependent, needed to purchase European weapons to expand control of region |
| Great Game | used to describe the rivalry and strategic conflict between the British Empire and the Tsarist Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia. |
| Great Purges | Expulsion/execution of rivals when Stalin became paranoid. Negative of collectivization. |
| Great Schism of 1054 - Eastern Orthodoxy and Roman Catholicism | reflecting its claim to be the preserver of the original Christian traditions as well as those established by the church during the first 1000 years of its existence; maintain a belief that their episcopate can be traced directly back to the Apostles |
| Great Schism | Divide of the Christian church whereby for a time there were two popes |
| Greater East Asian Co-Prosperity Sphere | Name given to Asian region Japan wanted to conquer, kick out Europeans, control resources |
| Greek city-states | region controlled exclusively by Greek, and usually having sovereignty. Ex. Crete |
| Greek Orthodox Church | The state church of Greece, an autonomous part of the Eastern Orthodox Church |
| guerilla warfare – | unorganized warfare using hit and run tactics |
| guest workers | Legal workers with no rights for citizenship/permanent recidency who immigrate for work; a threat to citizens for job opportunities; usually from a less developed country > developed country. |
| Guided Democracy - Sukarno | Indonesian leader Sukarno - controls democratic system - 60 political parties too much, takes a more dictatorial roll |
| Guinea states | States in West Africa known for gold and African slave labor |
| gulags | Work camps where perceived dissidents sent. Negative of collectivization during Stalin’s rule. |
| Gulf War | 1980s Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein invades Kuwait for more oil, US + coalition kick him out, but leave him in power - leads to Iraq War 12 years later |
| Hammurabi’s Law Code | First set of defined laws within a civilization. |
| harem | living quarters reserved for wives and concubines and female relatives in a Muslim household |
| Hebrews and monotheism | descendants of biblical Patriarch Eber; were people who lived in the Levant, which was politically Canaan when they first arrived in the area. First monotheistic group; Yahweh. |
| heliocentric theory | belief that earth rotates around the sun, contradicts geocentric view held for centuries, and by church that universe revolved around earth |
| Hellenism | shift from a culture dominated by ethnic Greeks to a culture dominated by Greek-speakers of various ethnicities, and from the political dominance of the city-state to that of larger monarchies. In this period the traditional Greek culture was changed by strong Eastern influences, especially Persian, in aspects of religion and government. Cultural centers shifted away from mainland Greece, to Pergamon, Rhodes, Antioch and Alexandria. |
| Helmut Kohl | German Chancellor 1982-1998 - worked w/ Mitterand on European Union - like Thatcher/Reagan - wanted to lower taxes, encourage initiative - conservative |
| Helsinki Accords | 1975 agreement - apply human rights to Soviet bloc countries |
| Henry Hudson | British explorer, Scandinvavia, Canada, and North Eastern Europe, looked for Northwest passage |
| Henry of Navarre | First French monarch - Bourbon dynasty - religious tolerance for Protestant minority - Edict of Nantes - cared about welfare of people |
| Henry VIII | created Anglican Church, split from Catholic Church because Pope would annull marriage to women who couldn't produce male heir |
| heresies | any opinions/doctrines at variance with the established or orthodox position; beliefs that reject the orthodox tenets of a religion |
| Hideyoshi | daimyo that unified Japan, only samurai class carry weapons - replaced by Tokugawa |
| hieroglyphics | system of writing used by the Ancient Egyptians, using a combination of logographic, syllabic, and alphabetic elements. |
| High Renaissance | later period of the Renaissance, Italy big, Hellenistic influence |
| hijrah | Mohammad’s flight from Mecca to Medina |
| hillside terracing | method growing rice in bulk |
| Hinduism (Upanishads, Mahabharata, Bhagavad-Gita) | encompasses many religious traditions that widely vary by culture, as well as many diverse beliefs and sects. The estimates of Hinduism's origin vary from 3102 BCE to 1300 BCE, and it is generally regarded as the world's oldest major religion. |
| Hipolito Irigoyen | Argentina, 1916 Radical party, reforms benefit peasants, labor unions become more active, overthrown in 1930 |
| Hittites and iron weapons | First to work iron, first to enter Iron Age. controlled central Anatolia, north-western Syria down to Ugarit, and Mesopotamia down to Babylon, lasted from roughly 1680 BC to about 1180 BC. After 1180 BC, the Hittite polity disintegrated into several independent city-states, some of which survived as late as around 700 BC. |
| Ho Chi Minh | Communist Vietnamese Nationalist, trained in Europe, fought Japanese then French then US, wanted united Vietnam |
| Holy Roman Empire | a continuation of the Roman Empire in central-western Europe (at least, loosely organized/modeled on it) |
| Homer | legendary early Greek poet and rhapsode traditionally credited with authorship of the major Greek epics Iliad and Odyssey |
| hominid dev., stages of | Australopithecus, homo habilis, homo erectus, homo sapiens |
| Hong Xiuquan | leader of the Taiping Rebellion. Believed he was the son of Jesus Christ. Failed the civil service examination many times. |
| hordes | nomadic Mongol tribes |
| Hubble Space Telescope | space telescope that circles earth - free of atmosphere - took astrophysics to another level |
| Hugh Capets | After the death of Louis, the son of Hugh the Great, Hugh Capet, requested the crown of France from the archbishop of Reims and the upper nobility |
| Huguenots | Protestants living in Catholic France - minority - often persecuted |
| humanists | The focus on humankind as the center of intellectual and artistic endeavor |
| Hundred Days Reform | 103 days of social and institutional reform in 1898 launched by the Qing emperor of China, Guangxu |
| hunting-foraging groups | Move place to place according to environment; survive by hunting and finding food sources |
| Hutu-Tutsi conflict | Rwandan genocide - Belgians long ago said Tutsis have more than 10 cows, Hutus have less - Rwandans divided arbitrarily - led to centuries of frustration - eventually Hutus start slaughering Tutsis |
| Iberian wave of exploration | Portuguese and Spanish move across coast of Africa,exploring quickest route to India, starts wave of exploration, set up forts on islands on coast |
| Ibn Saud | Arab leader who was the founder and first king of Saudi Arabia (1932–1953). |
| Ice Age | Period of time where Earth was covered partly in ice |
| Idi Amin | Ugandan military leader/president - responsible for hundreds of thousands of Christian/tribal deaths |
| imperial bureaucracy | system to run centralized gov’t, comprised of educated scholar-gentry |
| imperialism | A policy of extending a nation’s powers through diplomacy or military practice |
| indentured servitude | refers to agreeing to pay off a debt in the form of physical labor |
| India/Pakistan | 1946 - Britain couldn't hold India together - Jinnah threatening civil war - Pakistan created - later divided into Bangladesh - tensions ever since over border disputes - Kashmere - largest refugee immigration in world history |
| Indian caste system | system was a basically simple division of society into four castes (Brahman, Kshatriya, Vaishya and Sudra) arranged in a hierarchy, with the "Untouchable" (Dalit) outcasts below this structure. But socially the caste system was more complicated, with many more castes and sub-castes and other divisions. |
| Indian Ocean trade network | Portugal and Islam dominated trade of trees, exotic animals, slaves to Arab world, back to Europe after 1480s |
| Indira Gandhi | Indian Prime Miniters - 1966-77, 80-84 - pushed nuclear power program - Green Revolution - increase in production due to new strains, techniques, pesticides |
| Indo-Gangetic Plain | a rich, fertile and ancient land encompassing most of northern and eastern India, the most populous parts of Pakistan, and virtually all of Bangladesh. |
| indulgence | selling of passes out of pergatory into heaven to pay for Renaissance architecture/art in Rome, big complaint of Martin Luther |
| Indus valley civilization | an ancient civilization thriving along the Indus River and the Ghaggar-Hakra river in what is now Pakistan and western India. The Indus Valley Civilization is also sometimes referred to as the Harappan Civilization of the Indus Valley, in reference to its first excavated city of Harappa |
| infant mortality rates: | number of babies per 1000 who die at birth |
| information revolution | revolution in that allowed the increasing availability of information due to the use of things like computers, internet and other technologies |
| infrastructure - | The basic facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions including schools, post offices, and prisons. |
| inquisition | An investigation or inquiry of an official or judicial nature; in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Catholic church conducted rigorous tribunals of Inquisition to identify and suppress heresy and punish heretics. These were especially severe in Spain with the inquisition of Jews in the late- 15th century |
| Institutionalized Revolutionary Party | Mexico, granted suffrage & right to strike, but actually oligarchy that chose president, upper class prospers, country modernizes, but middle class small & lower class huge |
| interchangeable parts: | important for the industrial revolution because it signified the ability to change parts of products comparatively easier than before |
| interdict | A prohibition by the pope that can deprive individual persons, groups, communities and even nations of all priestly ministry. Thus, they no longer had access to the sacraments of the church |
| International Monetary Fund | IMF- resources for development usually for badly strapped for investment funds and essential technology. |
| International Space Station | Permanent human presence outside earth - combined five space agencies - US, USSR, European, Japanese, Canada - teamwork through science |
| interregnum | The interval of time between the end of a sovereign's reign and the accession of a successor |
| intertribal warfare | conflict between tribes. |
| intifada | Palestinian Arabs fighting against Israeli occupation of Gaza Strip/West Bank - boys w/ stones vs. tanks image |
| invasion of Poland | Signalled beginning of World War II, France/England declare war on Germany |
| Iranian Revolution | Transformed Iran from pro-Western nation to fundamentalist Islamic nation. becomes religious theocracy |
| Irish home rule- | Should Ireland be set free; or should north/Protestant and south/Catholic split |
| Iron Law of Wages/David Ricardo- | Employer will pay lowest possible wage to make money. Supply of labor goes up then salaries will drop. |
| irrigation systems | replacement or supplementation of rainfall with water from another source in order to grow crops |
| Islamic slave trade: | continued slave trade on the west coast of Africa |
| Istanbul | officially known as Constantinople until 1930 when its name was changed to Istanbul. Due to its three-thousand-year old history it is considered as one of the oldest still existing cities of the world |
| Italian Fascist Party | Formed in 1991; held a majority of seats during elections during the 90s. as a result of the fascist movement, freedom of assembly and thinking were wiped out in Italy. |
| Italian Renaissance | rebirth of Classical (Greece/Rome) art/architecture - humanistic focus - patrons - families like Medici and the Catholic Church - blended natural world w/ religion - transition away from religion |
| Jacques Cartier | explorer popularly thought of as one of the major discoverers of Canada. |
| Jamestown | first British colony in future United States |
| Japan, Nara and Heian periods | ast division of classical Japanese history, running from 794 to 1185. The Heian period is considered the peak of the Japanese imperial court and noted for its art, especially poetry and literature. Nara: agricultural in nature, centered around villages. Most of the villagers followed the Shinto religion, based around the worship of natural and ancestral spirits. |
| Japanese invasion of Manchuria | step towards war with military gov’t, renames it Manchuko, invading mainland China & commits atrocities |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | political ideas influenced the French Revolution, the development of socialist theory, and the growth of nationalism. His legacy as a radical and revolutionary is perhaps best demonstrated by his most famous line in The Social Contract: "Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains." |
| Jewish Diaspora | to the dispersion of the Jewish people throughout the world. The notion of diaspora is commonly accepted to have begun with the Babylonian Captivity in 597 BCE. |
| jingoism - | Extreme nationalism characterized especially by a belligerent foreign policy |
| Joan of Arc | A French military leader of the fifteenth century, a national heroine who at the age of seventeen took up arms to establish the rightful king on the French throne. She claimed to have heard God speak to her in voices. These claims eventually led to her trial for heresy and her execution by burning at the stake. Joan of Arc is a saint of the Roman Catholic Church |
| joint stock company | W. European financial company with capital from investors, used to make a profit - precursor to corporation |
| Juan and Eva Peron | Argentina, takes over after WWII, populist leader, wife popular, appeal to lower class, raised salaries of working class, gov’t controlled press, denied civil liberties |
| Judeo-Christian tradition | body of concepts and values which are thought to be held in common by Christianity and Judaism, and typically considered a fundamental basis for Western legal codes and moral values. |
| Julius Caesar | Roman military and political leader. He was instrumental in the transformation of the Roman Republic into the Roman Empire. Dictator for life. |
| Julius Nyerere | teacher turned founder of Tanzania |
| jury system | Judgment whereby there is a trial and people witnessing the trial deciding the guilt/innocence of a person |
| Justinian | r. 527 - 565 CE – Justinian is the Eastern Roman emperor who tried to restore the unity of the old Roman Empire. He issued the most famous compilation of Roman Law. He was unable to maintain a hold in Italy and lost the provinces of north Africa. It was the last effort to restore the Mediterranean unity. |
| Justinian | Eastern Roman emperor 527-565 CE; tried to restore unity of old Roman Empire; issued most famous compilation of Roman law |
| Justinian's Code | Compilation of Roman law |
| Kabuki theater | Japanese cinema - elaborate make-up, singing, drama |
| kamikaze | a legendary typhoon said to have saved Japan from a Mongol invasion fleet in 1281. In Japanese, the word "kamikaze" is used only for this typhoon |
| Keynesian economics | theory developed by John M. Keynes that stressed the importance of government spending to compensate for loss of purchasing power during a depression |
| khan | Mongol ruler |
| Khazars | nomadic Turkic people from central asia, many converted to Judaism, basically wandering people, allies of Byzantine empire and sassanid empire |
| Khmer Rouge | 1975-1979 Cambodian leaders - responsible for 1.7 million deaths starvation, relocation, murder - attempt at ruralification |
| Kilwa | Town on W African coast, wealthy & beautiful town , access to gold (Sofala) and most southern ship stop |
| Kim Il Sung | led north Korea from 1948 until 1994, created communist nation w/ strong ties to China |
| King Pedro/Pedro II- | Portuguese king John VI flees to Brazil, Portuguese government from Brazil. John leaves and leaves his son, Pedro, Pedro lives entire life in Brazil and declares independence for brazil and becomes emperor. Pedro gives power to Pedro II rules for most of 19th century. Stable monarchy |
| Kita Ikki | author/right-wing nationalist, “Asia for Asians” so kick out Europeans |
| kowtow | formal recognition of the Chinese emperor's authority, where representatives from tribute states would present gifts and engage in a formal bowing ceremony |
| la mission civilisatrice – | French idea of spreading their advanced civilization to others through colonization. Also referred to as “mission civilisatrice.” |
| labor unions: | A union is a group of workers who act collectively to address common issues; emerged at the end of the IR (Industrial Revolution) |
| Lady Murasaki and “The Tale of Genji | Written by Murasaki. First novel of japanese/world literature. |
| laissez faire capitalism: | Laissez-faire is short for "laissez-faire, laissez-passer," a French phrase meaning idiomatically "leave to do, leave to pass" or more accurately "let things alone, let them pass". First used by the eighteenth century Physiocrats as an injunction against government interference with trade, it is now used as a synonym for strict free market economics. Laissez-faire economic policy is in direct contrast to statistic economic policy. |
| laissez-faire economics | belief that government should not control business - hands off - let market decide success/failure of a product |
| Laozi | Founder/teacher of taoism/daoism. |
| lateen sail | a triangular sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle on the mast, and running in a fore-and-aft direction. Adopted in the Late Middle Ages, and Europeans were able to sail out of the Mediterranean |
| Latin America Wars of Independence – | Causes - growing sense of nationalism, colonial economic policies, social class system, Napoleon kept Spain and Portugal distracted from their colonies |
| Laws of Manu | work of Hindu law and ancient Indian society, written c.200 in India. It is one of the eighteen Smritis of the Dharma Sastra (or "laws of righteous conduct"); |
| lebensraum | Hitler's desire for "living space" for German people, wants to unite Germans from other nations |
| Lech Walesa and Solidarity | Polish shipyard worker, protests Soviet control - founded Solidarity movement - anti-Communists + Catholics working against Communism |
| Leon Trotsky | Expelled by Stalin; disciple of Marx; friend of Bolshevik; organized the victorious Red Army; |
| Li Tai-Po | Chinese poet living in Tang Dynasty . He is best known for the extravagant imagination and striking Taoist imagery in his poetry, as well as for his great love for liquor. He is said to have drowned in the Yangtze River, having fallen from his boat while drunkenly trying to embrace (the reflection of) the moon |
| Liberal Democrats | left-wing democrats - favor redistribution of wealth to poor, minorities - socially more liberal |
| life expectancy rates: | expected age until death - improved due to improved health care, brief drop at beginning of Industrial Revolution due to living conditions, |
| limited war | a war whose objective is less than the unconditional defeat of the enemy |
| literacy rates- | greater access to public education increased through 1800s, Literacy rates rose. |
| Lo Hsun | Chinese vernacular writer who discounted Confucian values and criticized Chinese society - thoughts led to May 4th Revolution |
| Long Peace | Peace between 1871 and 1914 between European nations. Tensions are rising. |
| Louisiana Territory | French territory in the United States; sold by Napoleon to the US |
| Lydians and coinage | ancient kingdom of Asia Minor, first to mint coins. |
| Machu Picchu | An ancient Inca fortress city in the Andes northwest of Cuzco, Peru |
| Magyars | A Hungarian ethnic group |
| Mahdi - | A leader who assumes the role of a messiah. |
| Malay sailors | traded and interacted with other Southeast Asian societies a lot |
| manors | The district over which a lord had domain and could exercise certain rights and privileges in medieval western Europe |
| Mansa Musa | African King who made pilgrimage to Mecca, and gave out so much gold, that worth of gold dropped rapidly |
| Maori | indigenous people of New Zealand |
| March on Rome | coup d'état by which Benito Mussolini came to power in Italy in October 1922. |
| Marco Polo | A Venetian trader that went and learned about China under Kublai Khan |
| Maria Theresa and Joseph II | first and only female head of the Habsburg dynasty. She was Archduchess of Austria, and Queen of Hungary and Bohemia and ruler of other territories from 1740 until her death. She also became the Holy Roman Empress when her husband was elected Holy Roman Emperor. She was one of the so-called "enlightened despots" . She was one of the most powerful rulers of her time, ruling over much of central Europe. |
| Marxism- | More radical socialism (economic competition is inherently unfair and leads to injustice/ inequality) |
| mass consumerism | wealth now spent on surplus items - consumer goods - industrialized world spends a ton of money bringing their world from a 10>11 instead of bringing everyone else up from a 0>1 |
| mass media | our senses constantly bombarded with information from Internet, TV, movies, radio, cell phones |
| mass production | The generating of produce in vast quantities |
| Massachusetts Bay Colony | first British colony in New England - went on to be Massachusetts - started as joint-stock company |
| massive retaliation | to retaliate in a greater force; the ending of WWII by the bombing of Nagasaki and Hiroshima |
| matrilineal | System in which one belongs to mother’s lineage |
| Maya | Classic culture emerging in s. Mexico and Central America contemporary with Teotihuacán; extended over broad religion; monumental architecture, written language, calendrical and mathematical systems, highly developed religion. |
| McDonaldization | Same multinational corporations everywhere |
| medieval | relating to the Middle Ages |
| Meiji Restoration: | The Meiji Restoration also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to a change in Japan's political and social structure. It occurred from 1866 to 1869, a period of 4 years that transverses both the late Edo (often called Late Tokugawa shogunate) and beginning of the Meiji Era. Probably the most important foreign account of the events of 1862-69 is contained in A Diplomat in Japan by Sir Ernest Satow. |
| Mein Kampf | An autobiography written by Adolf Hitler. In it, Hitler outlines his plan for the revival of Germany from the losses of World War I and blames Germany's problems on capitalists and Jews. |
| Menachem Begin | Israeli prime minister at Camp David - returned land to Egypt, destroyed Israeli settlements |
| mercantilism | economic theory that stressed governments' promotion of limitation of imports from other nations in order to improve tax revenues |
| Mesoamerica | Mesoamerica is the region extending from central Mexico south to the northwestern border of Costa Rica that gave rise to a group of stratified, culturally related agrarian civilizations spanning an approximately 3,000-year period before the European discovery of the New World by Columbus |
| Mesoamerica | known as the strip from Mexico to Midwestern United States and Canada, where the native Americans have inhabited over time |
| metallurgy and metalworking | the physical and chemical behavior of metallic elements and their mixtures, which are called alloys. craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures |
| metalworking | craft and practice of working with metals to create parts or structures. It requires skill and the use of many different types of tools |
| metropolitan | a big city with a large population |
| metropole | a metropolis |
| Mexica/Aztecs | what we know today as Mexicans |
| Middle Kingdom | What China called itself. Idea of ethnocentrism by the Chinese |
| migratory farmers | Farmers that migrate instead of settling after using up the land. |
| Miguel Hidalgo – | Creole priest in Mexico who led rebellion against Spain |
| militarism | predominance of armed forces in the administration/policy of a state (Japan during WWII) |
| militaristic – | aggressive war based ideology |
| millenarianism | claim that the current society and its rulers are corrupt, unjust, or wrong and that they will be destroyed by a powerful force (disaster or battle) |
| millet system | method of working with religious minorities in Ottoman Empire - millets had a great deal of power - they set their own laws and collected and distributed their own taxes. All that was insisted was loyalty to the Empire. When a member of one millet committed a crime against a member of another, the law of the injured party applied, but the - ruling - Islamic majority being paramount, any dispute involving a Muslim fell under their sharia-based law |
| minaret | A tower attached to a mosque, used for call to prayer |
| Ming dynasty | ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644. It was the last ethnic Han-led dynasty in China - vast navy and army were built, including four-masted ships of 1,500 tons displacement in the former, and a standing army of one million troops. Over 100,000 tons of iron per year were produced in North China (roughly 1 kg per inhabitant), and many books were printed using movable type |
| mit'a | labor tax; Incan system in which peasants worked part of their year on public works projects; later adopted by the Spanish |
| Mobutu Sese Seko | President of Zaire (Democratic Republic of Congo) - 1962-1995 - symbol of African nepotism, kleptocracy, and personality cult |
| Modern versus postmodern culture | Postmodern is a reaction to modern culture - prevalent in gay movements, anti-globalization, peace movement, anarchism |
| Mohammed and the foundation of Islam | In 610/earlier, he received the first of many revelations: Allah transmitted to him through the angel Gabriel. Believed in the five pillars: (1) “There is no God but Allah, and Muhammad is his Prophet.” (2) Pray facing the Mecca five times a day. (3) Fast during the month of Ramadan which enhances community solidarity and allowed the faithful to demonstrate their fervor. (4) The zakat, tithe for charity, strengthened community cohesion. (5) The haji, pilgrimage to the holy city Mecca, to worship Allah at the Ka’ba. |
| Mohammed/Muhammed | Last prophet of God. |
| Mohandas Gandhi- | Lived in S. Africa from 1893-1915, defended rights of Indian living under apartheid(areas that has racism), and returned to India as a central figure in freedom movement, nonviolent resistance. |
| monasticism, importance of | Monasticism is the ancient style of vowed religious life which typically includes community, prayer, common worship, silence, and labour. It is governed by a monastic rule, or way of life, which involves a choice to live apart from society and the world, and so to witness in a radical way to Jesus Christ |
| Mongol Peace/Pax Mongolica | Mongols brought peace to almost the entire Asian continent because they tolerated and encouraged diversity, especially religions |
| monochrome | Either black or white |
| monoculture: | agriculture based on only one crop; resulted in many European colonies in the 1800-1900 because of mercantilism |
| monsoons | winds from the southwest or south that brings heavy rainfall to southern Asia in the summer - method by which Arab merchants travelled |
| Montezuma/Moctezuma | emperor of the Aztecs who saw his empire defeated by the Spanish |
| Moors | The Medieval Muslim inhabitants of al-Andalus and the Maghreb. They captured Spain in 700s, and were expelled from Spain in 1492 |
| Moses and the Exodus from Egypt – Passover | Passover to celebrate the day the Jews were led out of Egypt and into their land by Moses. |
| mosque | A mosque is a place of worship for followers of the Islamic faith |
| moundsbuilders | in Mississippi region of N. America, civilizations found that created moundlike temples of dirt |
| moveable type | invented in China in the mid-eleventh century. Individual characters made of fired clay were assembled and glued onto a plate to create a printing block. Introduced in Europe in the 15th century |
| muckrakers: | A muckraker is a journalist, author or filmmaker who investigates and exposes societal issues such as political corruption, corporate crime, child labor, conditions in slums and prisons, unsanitary conditions in food processing plants, fraudulent claims by manufacturers of patent medicines and similar topics. |
| Mughal dynasty | Muslim dynasty that ruled India |
| Muhammad Ali – | Egyptian ruler who caused Egypt to industrialize. |
| Muhammad Ali Jinnah | Led the Indian Muslim League - pushed for partition of India - led to creation of Pakistan |
| mulatto | offspring of a European and an African |
| multinational corporations | Large Scale Companies that initially began as business in a certain region of the world but has grown to become so big and is now an “international” company. Examples: General Electric (GE), Nike, Nokia, and McDonalds. |
| Muslims | People who believe and follow the Islamic religion |
| Mustafa Kemal Ataturk | The military and political leader who brought about the end of the Ottoman Empire and the beginning of modern Turkey. He was promoted to general at the age of 35 and given command of the army near the Black Sea port of Samsun. He defied the Sultan's orders to quash opposition and instead built an army of his own to fight for independence from European control. The Sultan ordered his arrest, but 1919- 1923 he successfully fought off foreign armies as well as opposition forces from Turkey. On 23 October 1923 the national parliament declared the existence of the Republic of Turkey with Kemal as president. His fifteen years in office were turbulent -- he ruled as a dictator as he attempted political and social reforms -- "father of the Turks." |
| mutually assured destruction | Deterrent policy in which neither USA-USSR would use nukes, because they would likewise be annihilated |
| Napoleon Bonaparte | absolute leader of France who conquered most of Europe; defeated in 1815 |
| National Assembly | France’s representative body |
| National Congress Party | Indian Political Party established in 1885, that led the eventual push for Indian Independence from the British Crown in 1947. Currently the largest Indian Political Party. |
| national identity | distinguishing features of a group, to individual’s sense to belong in it |
| national liberation | wars of liberation in which local/indigenous populations fought imperial powers - usually supported secrety by Soviet KGB or American CIA depending on ideology |
| National Organization for Women (NOW) | American feminist group - founded 1966 - dedicated to lobbying for women's fertility, employment, marital, education rights |
| nation-states | Autonomous state with people sharing a common culture/history/language |
| natural laws | belief that human interaction/rule of law is governed by a set of laws - similar to those found in nature like gravity |
| Nazi-Soviet Pact | Agreement of Stalin/Hitler to not fight each other, but invade, divide up Poland |
| Neo-Confucianism | a response by the Confucians to the dominance of the Daoists and Buddhists, severe Confucianism |
| Neolithic Revolution | Farming uses; start of agriculture |
| New Amsterdam | 17th century fortified settlement in the New Netherland territory (1614-1674), fortified trading center that later becomes New York City |
| New Spain | the name given to one of the viceroy-ruled territories of the Spanish Empire from 1525 to 1821 - today it is Central America, plus Mexico, plus Southwest United States |
| Nintey-Five Theses | complaints made by Martin Luther against Catholic Church - nailed to the church university door, started Protestant Reformation |
| nirvana | not a place nor a state, it is an absolute truth to be realized, and a person can do so without dying. |
| Noh theater | Japanese classical theater - musical - during meiji reached offical drama status |
| nomadic hunters/gatherers | Move place to place according to environment; adapts to environment |
| shifting cultivation | Slash-and-burn; once land is depleted, moved on to let soil recover |
| nongovernmental organization | Organizations that are not established or associated with any specific organizations. They may be recognized, however, they run on their own. Examples are Green Peace and Amnesty International. |
| North American fur trade | Indians and French worked together, massive exporters of fur, beaverskin caps became rage in Europe, French colonized differently, mostly male-dominated initially along Mississippi |
| Northern Ireland | A former member of the Republic of Ireland that broke away in 1920 after refusing to take part in the Irish Free State. Ruled and governed by Protestants and heavy discrimination exists against the Roman Catholic Minority. Capital: Belfast. |
| northern wave of exploration | France, England, Dutch explore North America set up independent colonies with direct ties to Western Europe, less role of the Catholic Church, greater political independence than Latin America, developed more diverse societies than monoculture of Latin America |
| north-south split | those nations above equator far richer than those below - rich getting richer, poor getting poorer - and because north dominates global economy, won't change anytime soon |
| Northwest Passage | attempt to find water route through North America - none ever found - led to exploration of bays, rivers |
| Nubia | The Coptic (Christians of Egypt) influence spread up the Nile into Nubia (the ancient land of Kush). Muslims attempted to penetrate Nubia and met stiff resistance in the 9th century (left Christian descendants of ancient Kush – left as independent Christian kingdom until 13th century). |
| nuclear arms race | Both USSR_USA push for weapons w/ larger payload, longer/more accurate trajectory, larger quantity |
| Nuclear club | nations with nuclear weapons - United States of America, Russia (formerly the Soviet Union), the United Kingdom, France, and the People's Republic of China. Since the formulation of the NPT, two non-signatory states of the NPT have conducted nuclear tests—India and Pakistan. Israel |
| Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty | attempt to keep nuclear technology from spreading past original US, French, British, Russian - not so successful - see Iran, N. Korea, India, Pakistan - nations know once they get bomb - they are world players |
| Nurember Laws | Nazi laws that used a pseudoscientific basis for racial discrimination against Jews with the religious observance of a person's grandparents to determine their race. |
| Nuremberg war crimes trial | two sets of trials for the Nazis from WWII and the holocaust; included commanders, industrialists, and medical doctors |
| occupation of Rhineland | Hitler takes back land given away by Versailles |
| October Revolution | Brought the Bolsheviks to power. |
| oligarchy | Political regime where most political power effectively rests with a small segment of society (typically the most powerful, whether by wealth, military strength, ruthlessness, or political influence). |
| Oliver Cromwell | British military leader - based on meritocracy - though a military dictator, England became first Republic |
| Olmec | Cultural tradition that arose at San Lorenzo and La Venta in Mexico (1200 BCE); featured irrigated agriculture, urbanism, elaborate religion, beginnings of calendrical and writing systems. |
| Omar Khayyam | He was famous during his lifetime as a mathematician and astronomer who calculated how to correct the Persian calendar. he objected to the notion that every particular event and phenomenon was the result of divine intervention; nor did he believe in any Judgment Day or rewards and punishments after life. Instead he supported the view that laws of nature explained all phenomena of observed life |
| Open Door Policy - | The Open Door Policy is the maintenance in a certain territory of equal commercial and industrial rights for the nationals of all countries. |
| Operation Overlord | June 6, 1944 - Invasion of Normandy, sets up Western Front against Germany, USSR pleased, known D-Day |
| oral literature | Oral literature corresponds in the sphere of the spoken (oral) word to literature as literature operates in the domain of the written word |
| Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) | Oil cartel that determines supply of oil - of Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates and Venezuela; since |
| Orthodox Christianity | Orthodox Christianity is a generalized reference to the Eastern traditions of Christianity, as opposed to the Western traditions which descend from the Roman Catholic Church |
| orthodox | The word orthodoxy, from the Greek ortho ('right', 'correct') and doxa ('thought', 'teaching'), is typically used to refer to the correct theological or doctrinal observance of religion, as determined by some overseeing body. Each is headed by a bishop; most are related to a specific country, as in Serbian, Russian and Greek Orthodox |
| Osman I | 1299 - Osman is regarded as the founder of the Ottoman Empire, and it is from him that its inhabitants, the Turks, called themselves Osmanli until the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire |
| Otto the Great | King of the Germans and arguably the first Holy Roman Emperor |
| Otto von Bismarck- | Prime minister of Germany, build the military. Consolidating the region under Prussia’s authority. |
| Ottoman Turks | ethnic subdivision of Turkish ppl, who dominated ruling class of the Ottoman empire |
| Out of Africa thesis vs. multiregional thesis | Humans originated from Africa and proliferated vs. originated from Africa but multiple geographical locations first 100 million years |
| ozone depletion | caused by industrial revolution due to high pollutions |
| Paleolithic Era | Old Stone Age |
| Palestine/Israel | The “Holy Land” of Islam, Christianity and Judaism where ongoing conflicts take place between the Jewish Community (who represent Israel) and the Arab Community (who represent Palestine). Israel was a recent creation for the Jewish people and named the “Jewish Homeland” by the British Empire. |
| Pan-Slavic movement | movement in the 1800's to unite the Slavic people in Austria and the Ottoman Empire |
| Papal States | group of territories in central Italy ruled by the popes from 754 - 1870 |
| parallel descent | The area southward of Mexico |
| parlement | In France, initially political bodies responsible for recording laws/edicts - eventually pushed power by not recording edicts they didn't agree with |
| Parliament | Beginning in England with a House of lords (aristocracy) and House of Commons (rich merchants) governing legislative body |
| parliamentary sys. | representative government led by a prime minister |
| partial modernization: | industrialization but only to a certain extent; see Samuel Hungtinton’s Clash of Civilizations (good book…) |
| partition of Germany | Divided among Allies - England, France, US, USSR - USSR section becomes E. Germany, others unite - W. Germany |
| partrilineal/patrilocal | Live with husband’s family. Traced through father’s lineage |
| pastoral nomadism | Herding animals while moving from place to place |
| patriarch | a man who rules a family, clan or tribe |
| Patrice Lumumba | First Prime Minister of Democratic Republic of Congo - eventually arrested and murdered |
| patronage of the arts | Catholic Church and rich families paid artists to decorate walls/architecture/fountains/doors |
| peasant | Agricultural worker that works land they own or rent |
| Peloponnesian War | began in 431 BC between the Athenian Empire (or The Delian League) and the Peloponnesian League which included Sparta and Corinth. |
| People of the Book | (dhimmi) Christians and Jews who shared the Bible with Muslims, could be taxed by Muslims |
| People’s Principles | nationalism, democracy, people’s livelihood |
| Pepin | Mayor of the Palace of the whole Frankish kingdom (both Austrasia and Neustria), and later King of the Franks; born 714; died at St. Denis, 24 September, 768. He was the son of Charles Martel |
| Persian Empire | used to refer to a number of historic dynasties that have ruled the country of Persia (Iran). the Achaemenid Empire that emerged under Cyrus the Great that is usually the earliest to be called "Persian." Successive states in Iran before 1935 are collectively called the Persian Empire by Western historians |
| Persian Gulf States | Cooperation council of nations border Persian Gulf - Bahrain, Iran (Persia), Iraq, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates. |
| Persian Gulf War | 1991 led by US and various European and Middle Easter allies against Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. This led to Iraqi withdrawal and a long confrontation with Iraq about armaments and political regime. |
| Persian Wars | a series of conflicts between the Greek world and the Persian Empire that started about 500 BC and lasted until 448 BC. |
| perspective in art | development in the Renaissance that included realistic three-dimensional perspective |
| Peter and Paul | Main disciples of Jesus; carried on teaching after death. |
| Peter Stuyvesant | last Dutch Director-General of the colony of New Netherland from 1647 until it was ceded provisionally to the English in 1664. He was a major figure in the early history of New York City |
| philosophes | French Enlightened thinkers who tried to explain society/human nature - led to Enlightenment |
| Phoenicians and the alphabet | enterprising maritime trading culture that spread right across the Mediterranean during the first millennium BC. First form of language. |
| pillars | In architecture and structural engineering, a column is that part of a structure whose purpose is to transmit through compression the weight of the structure |
| plantation system | The use of cotton gins and slaves for production |
| Plato | Greek philosopher; knowledge based on consideration of ideal forms outside the material world; proposed ideal abstract form of government abstract principles |
| plebians vs. patricians | peasants/slaves vs. elite/upperclass |
| Plymouth Rock | first British colony in New England - famous Pilgrims - became religious focused w/ semi-theocracy |
| pogroms: | A pogrom (from Russian: "погром" (meaning "wreaking of havoc") is a massive violent attack on a particular ethnic or religious group with simultaneous destruction of their environment (homes, businesses, religious centers). The term has historically been used to denote massive acts of violence, either spontaneous or premeditated, against Jews, but has been applied to similar incidents against other minority groups. |
| Polynesian migrations | most likely began from the islands of Fiji, Tonga and Samoa, spreading east, south, and north, covering millions of square miles of ocean sparsely dotted with islands.Polynesians migrated throughout the Pacific in sailing canoes, ultimately forming a triangle, whose points are Aotearoa (New Zealand) to the southwest, Rapa Nui (Easter Island) to the east, and the Hawaiian Archipelago to the north. |
| polyphonic music | Music in which two or more melodies sound simultaneously |
| polytheism | belief in, or worship of, multiple gods or divinities. |
| pope | Pope in Rome had top authority, while regional churches had bishops |
| Pope Innocent III | Supported Otto, believing Otto will give church back power but Otto betrayed and seized church’s land and distributed among vassals |
| popular consumption: | goods that are consumed by a large percentage of the population around the IR, such as textiles |
| popular culture | cooking, entertainment, sports, clothing, vernacular that matches the mainstream of a region/nation |
| Population Essay/Thomas Malthus- | population growth led to poverty, war diseases, starvation needed to control population. |
| population growth and the Agricultural Revolution | need for more food for Industrialization/growing population (little disease, improving health/diet), improved technology, crop rotation, enclosure movement |
| populism | a political philosophy supporting the right and power of the people in their struggle against he privileged elite |
| Portuguese sugar production | Portuguese cultivated in Brazil 1532 - surpassed honey as primary sweetener |
| Postwar economic recovery of Japan | miracle of Japanese growth post WWII - due to US investment, gov't intervention + US primarily supports military - Japan can focus money on economy |
| Powder keg of Europe | area in the Balkans; region where the wars would begin such as the assassination of Franz Ferdinand |
| power of the purse | the power to raise and spend money |
| Prague Spring | In 1968, Czechoslovak Communist Party leader Alexander Dubcek tried to liberalize the country's communist regime by introducing democratic reforms such as free speech and freedom of assembly. The period came to be known as the Prague Spring, but it was ended when Warsaw Pact (Soviet) troops invaded in a military crackdown. |
| predestination | belief that a long time ago, at the dawn of creation, all spirits/souls were predetermined on who was going to heaven, so…going to heaven not based on works/actions, but on God's choosing |
| prehistory vs. history | Prehistory – no written documents; History: written proof of history |
| priest-scholars | the higher class people of the native American societies, that controlled the government along with the grand leader |
| primogeniture | an exclusive right of inheritance belonging to the eldest son |
| Prince Henry the Navigator | sparks European interest in exploration, gave Portuguese a head start, known in English as Prince Henry the Navigator or the Seafarer (Portuguese: o Navegador). He promoted early Portuguese efforts to explore an African route to Asia |
| Prince Shotoku | Important Japanese regent and scholar of the Asuka period… promoted Buddhism and Confucianism, reinstituted embassies to China, and adopted the Chinese calendar and court ranks |
| printing press | Gutenberg - led to increased literacy, writing in vernacular, takes power from the Church monopoly on literacy |
| proletariat: | new class of factory workers that emerged as a result of the industrial revolution |
| Protestant doctrines | don't believe in holy trinity, only through Bible/faith in Christ can you go to heaven, priests can be married, don't take communion, don't answer to Pope |
| Protestant Reformation | attempt to reform Church, leads to divide, creation of Protestant faiths that gain legitimacy from the Bible and not from the Church, not as ritualistic as the Roman Catholic Church, Bibles written in vernacular, movement divided nations in Europe led to wars |
| Protestant work ethic: | a value system that stresses the moral value of work, self-discipline, and individual responsibility as the means to improving one's economic well being; important in the industrial revolution because of its stress in hard work, etc. |
| provincial leaders | regional rulers |
| Provisional Government | Shared power with local soviets thus ineffective during communist rule in the soviet union. |
| proxy wars | a war instigated by a major power in which that major power does not participate |
| pull factors: | attract or pull an organization towards a new location, eg the availability of cheap skilled labor. |
| Punic Wars | series of three wars fought between Rome and the Phoenician city of Carthage. Reason: clash of interests between the expanding Carthaginian and Roman spheres of influence. |
| puppet emperor | Emperor with no real power. In Japan, the shogun (who acted in the name of the emperor) had all the major power |
| purdah | practice of requiring women to cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form, separates genders, some places more cultural than religious |
| purges | In 1936, Stalin began a series of purges aimed at destroying all political opposition and dissident viewpoints. These also included intensive campaigns within key Soviet institutions and sectors like the Communist Party, the Army, the NKVD (secret police), and scientists/engineers. |
| Puritans | Sect of Protestants in England who dismiss Anglican church, want pure form of Christianity based on Bible, predestination, kicked out to New England - known in the US as Pilgrims |
| push factors: | conditions in a location or region that encourage people to migrate from it |
| pyramids | A solid figure with a polygonal base and triangular faces that meet a common point, a religious burial temple; tombs for Egyptian kings/pharoahs |
| Qing China | The last Chinese dynasty |
| Qing dynasty | founded by Manchu clan from Northeast, not Qin, claimed mandate of heaven, eventually couldn't keep out Europeans |
| quantum physics | deals with electron energy - atomic level of physics |
| Quechua = | the language of the Inca empire, now spoken in the Andes highlands from southern Colombia to Chile |
| Queen Isabella | queen of Castile (1474–1504) and of Aragon (1479–1504), ruling the two kingdoms jointly from 1479 with her husband, Ferdinand II of Aragon (Ferdinand V of Castile). Their rule effected the permanent union of Spain and the beginning of an overseas empire in the New World, led by Christopher Columbus |
| quinine/malaria - | An infectious disease characterized by cycles of chills, fever, and sweating - cure leads to colonization on African interior |
| radicalism – | democratic movement that called for liberalism and extended rights |
| Ramadan | Islamic month of fasting from dawn to sunset |
| Rape of Nanking | one atrocity of the war, 200,000 ~ 300,000 women/children attacked |
| raw materials | Unfinished products, at its first stage |
| realism- | Rejected Romanticism’s idealized dramatic outlook, critical view of life. Details of everyday existence, poverty, social hypocrisy, class injustice. |
| reciprocal relationship | System where both parties benefit - such as feudalism in Europe - protection for labor |
| Reconquista | reestablishment of Christian rather than Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula, taking place between 718 and 1492 |
| reform movements: | movements that occurred, often, at the end of the industrial revolution, such as the feminist and labor union movements |
| Reformation | religious movement which made its appearance in Western Europe in the sixteenth century, and which, while ostensibly aiming at an internal renewal of the Church, really led to a great revolt against it, and an abandonment of the principal Christian beliefs |
| Reign of Terror – | the period where the monarchy and aristocracy were targeted along with opponents of the French Revolution |
| Renaissance architecture | architecture based on mathematical precision, columns, domes, geometrically perfect designs, revival of Roman and Greek architecture |
| reparations | the act of making amends. (Germany's war payments as agreed to in the Treaty of Versailles) |
| republics/democracies | Republic - state or country that is led by people who do not base their political power on any principle beyond the control of the people living in that state or country. Democracy - form of government in which policy is decided by the preference of the majority in a decision-making process, usually elections or referendums, open to all or most citizens. |
| reunification of Japan | The reunification of Japan is accomplished by three strong daimyo who succeed each other: Oda Nobunaga (1543-1582), Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536-1598), and finally Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) who establishes the Tokugawa Shogunate, that governs for more than 250 years, following the Battle of Sekigahara in 1600 |
| revolution | The overthrowing of a government and the replacement of it, by another; radical change |
| Revolution of 1848, effects | forced King of Prussia to grant constitutional reforms, highlighted power of nationalism, unified Germany and Italy, political, social, and economic issues of the people have to be met |
| Revolutions of 1848, causes | bad harvests, economic stagnation, reaction against conservative rule, negative social and economic effects of the Industrial Revolution, and nationalism |
| Reza Shah Pahlavi | Shah of Iran (1925–41). He began as an army officer and gained a reputation for great valor and leadership. He headed a coup in 1921 and became prime minister of the new regime in 1923. He negotiated the evacuation of the Russian troops and of the British forces stationed in Iran since World War I. Virtually a dictator, he deposed the last shah of the Qajar dynasty, and was proclaimed shah of Iran. Thus he founded the Pahlevi dynasty, and changed the name of Persia to Iran. Reza Shah introduced many reforms, reorganizing the army, government administration, and finances. He abolished all special rights granted to foreigners, thus gaining real independence for Iran. Under his rule the Trans-Iranian RR was built, the Univ. of Tehran was established, and industrialization was stepped-up. |
| rocketry and space exploration | space race of 1950s - created for delivery system for nuclear weapons + world prestige + science - numerous subsequent scientific breakthroughs - built on German program of WWII - led to higher standards of education |
| Rococo | The Rococo style of art emerged in France in the early 18th century as a continuation of the Baroque style, but in contrast to the heavier themes and darker colors of the Baroque, the Rococo was characterized by an opulence, grace, playfulness, and lightness. Rococo motifs focused on the carefree aristocratic life and on lighthearted romance rather than heroic battles or religious figures; they |
| Roman Catholic Church | The Christian church characterized by an episcopal hierarchy with the pope as its head and belief in seven sacraments and the authority of tradition |
| Roman Empire | Ancient Roman polity in the centuries following its reorganization under the leadership of Octavian. |
| Roman Republic | republican government of the city of Rome and its territories from 510 BC until the establishment of the Roman Empire, which sometimes placed at 44 BC the year of Caesar's appointment as perpetual dictator or, more commonly, 27 BC the year that the Roman Senate granted Octavian the title "Augustus". |
| Romanesque | A style of European architecture prevalent from the ninth to the twelfth centuries, with round arches and barrel vaults influenced by Roman architecture and characterized by heavy stone construction |
| ronin | masterless samurai between 1180-1868 |
| Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine - | The Monroe Doctrine had originally been intended to keep European nations out of Latin America, but the Roosevelt corollary was used as a justification for U.S. intervention in Latin America. |
| Rubaiyat in Persian | Rubaiyat is a common shorthand name for the collection of Persian verses known more formally as the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam. In fact, rubaiyat (a plural word derived from the arabic root meaning 'four') means "quatrains" in the Persian language |
| Russian Revolution of 1917 | overthrow of the Tsarist regine; 1918 (3rd Russian Revolution): series of anarchist rebellions and uprisings against both the Bolsheviks and the White movement |
| Russian-American Company | Russian trading company that had monopoly over trade with Alaska |
| Russification- | All Russians had to learn Russian language and convert to orthodoxy, anyone who didn’t’ was persecuted, Jews. |
| Saddam Hussein | Dictator Iraq - took over power in coup, pushed war against Iran, invaded Kuwait - Persian Gulf War - genocide against Kurds |
| Saint Augustine | saint and the pre-eminent Doctor of the Church according to Roman Catholicism, and is considered by Evangelical Protestants to be (together with the Apostle Paul) the theological fountainhead of the Reformation teaching on salvation and grace |
| Saint Ignatius Loyola | Leader of Jesuits - pushed for universities, education, human rights |
| Salman Rushdie | novel Satanic Verses - found faults in Islamic world - Ayatollah put out death sentence on him |
| samsara, karma, dharma | Samsara - transmigration of soul from one body to another, Karma - the law behind reincarnation, Dharma - cosmic ethnics |
| Schlieffen Plan | The German plan to destroy France and gain victory over the Western Front during the first month of World War I. A counterattack by the French on the outskirts of Paris prevented the Germans. Alfred von Schlieffen wrote up the Plan. |
| scholar gentry | elite, educated bureaucrats who ran the centralized gov’t pf China |
| Scramble for Africa | The Scramble for Africa began in 1881, when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a full-fledged land grab in Africa by European Powers. |
| Scramble for Africa | 1881, when France moved into Tunis with Bismarck's encouragement. After centuries of neglect, Europeans began to expand their influence into Africa. Soon, it took on a full-fledged land grab in Africa by European Powers. |
| Second Agricultural Revolution: | A period of technological change from the 1600s to mid-1900s beginning in Western Europe, beginning with preindustrial improvements like crop rotation and better horse collars, and concluding with industrial innovations to replace human labor with machines and to supplement natural fertilizers and pesticides with chemical ones. |
| Second/Third Reform Acts | 1867/1885 – universal suffrage |
| sectarian strife – | violent conflict between Muslims and Coptic Christians in Egypt. |
| secular | Not bound by any religious faction |
| sedentary agriculture | Domestication of plants and animals |
| Sephardim | The Jews whose traditions and culture originate from the Mediteranean, including Spain and Portugal |
| Sepoy Mutiny – | May 10th 1857. Sepoys, trained Indians as British soldiers were angered by the rumors that their rifle ammos were greased with lard and beef fat. Thus, they mutinied. The mutiny was harshly crushed by the British. |
| seppuku | ritual suicide/disembowelment in Japan (hara-kiri); demonstrating courage and restoring family honor |
| serfs | peasant agricultural laborers within the manorial system of the Middle Ages |
| service industries | post-industrial economies that provide services to consumer culture - white collar jobs - move away from factory labor |
| settlement houses | neighborhood centers in urban areas that provided literacy, classes, daycare, entertainment - like a YMCA |
| Sha Jahan | Indian Mughal ruler - tried (not successfully) to expand frontier - built Taj Mahal |
| sharia | Islamic law |
| Shi Huangdi | king of the Chinese State of Qin from 247 BC to 221 BC, and then the first emperor of a unified China from 221 BC to 210 BC, ruling under the name First Emperor. |
| Shinto | Religion of early Japanese culture; devotes worshipped numerous gods and spirits associated with the natural world; offers of food and prayer made to gods and nature spirits |
| shogunate (bakufu) | military government in 12th century Japan… established by the Minamoto after the Gempei Wars… retained emperor but real power resided in military government and samurai |
| sick man of Europe | Ottoman Empire - falling apart, but better than chaos |
| Siddhartha Gautama | Buddha; founder of Buddhism. |
| Siege of Vienna | failed attempt by Ottoman Empire to invade Europe, ever since Europe had to fear/keep peace with Ottoman Empire - farthest Westward advance into Central Europe of the Ottoman Empire, and of all the clashes between the armies of Christianity and Islam might be signaled as the battle that finally stemmed the previously-unstoppable Turkish forces |
| Sikhs | Ten Sikh gurus - Northern India - started religion - Sikhism - unique view of world through one God |
| Silk Road | number of trade routes from East Asia to Eastern Europe, one of the trade commodities was silk |
| silver mining | forever altered world trade - became source of wealth for Portugal/Spain, currency for China, dominated resource of Mexico, extracted minerals from America and sent to Europe |
| Sino-Soviet Split | China breaks from USSR, Mao wants more control/become Superpower also, mutual preservation from other's aggression |
| Six-Day War | Fought between Egypt and Israel in 1967; was disastrous for Egypt and one of the failed foreign adventures under Gamal Abdul Nasser, adding to the regime’s problems |
| slavery vs. serfdom | were not property themselves and could not be sold apart from the land which they worked. Serfdom is the forced labour of serfs, on the fields of the privileged land owners, in return for protection and the right to work on their leased fields. |
| sleeping dragon | term given to China by Napoleon, regarding their untapped population, size and resources. |
| social contract - | an agreement between a state and its citizens to define the state’s powers and the citizen’s rights |
| Social Darwinism | social theory by Darwin on evolution applied to determine social class (the strong survives, the weak doesn’t, Europeans= the best) |
| social mobility - | the ability of an individual to change his/her social status |
| Society of Jesus/Jesuits | Catholic response to Protestant Reform. - encouraged education, human rights |
| Socrates and Plato | Greek philosopher/student. |
| Sofala | Southern port with gold produced in the interior, controlled by Kilwa |
| Song | Chinese dynasty that united the entire country until 1127 and the southern portion until 1279, during which time northern China was controlled by the Juchen tribes |
| sovereignty | right to exercise supreme political (e.g. legislative, judicial, and/or executive) authority over a geographic region, group of people, or oneself |
| Soviet invasion of Hungary | October 1956 hundreds of thousands Hungarian protesters put down by Soviet govt - leads to drop in support for Marxist ideas |
| Spanish Civil War | Conflict between supporters and opponents of the Spansh republic; there was a Nationalist victory due in part to 'non-intervention' of Western democracies |
| Spanish importation of smallpox and measles | Columbian exchange negative - immunity lacking in indigenous people - led to millions of deaths - huge demographic switch |
| Spanish Inquisition | In the Middle Ages, a judicial procedure that was used to combat heresy… in Spain, authorized by Sixtus IV in 1478; the pope later tried to limit its powers but was opposed by the Spanish crown…the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada was responsible for burning about 2,000 heretics at the stake |
| specialization of labor | specialization of co-operative labor in specific, circumscribed tasks and roles, intended to increase efficiency of output. |
| spinning jenny: | The spinning jenny is a multi-spool spinning wheel. It was invented circa 1764 by James Hargreaves in Stanhill, near Blackburn, in Lancashire in the north west of England. The device dramatically reduced the amount of work needed to produce yarn, with a single worker able to work eight or more spools at once. |
| spirit of conservatism - | after era of revolution attempt by European diplomats to return order to the good ol' days when autocracy ruled and people stopped rebelling |
| St. Cyril | a missionary sent by the Byzantine government to eastern Europe and the Balkans… converted southern Russia and Balkans to Orthodox Christianity…responsible for creation of written script for Slavic known as Cyrillic |
| stagnation in the Soviet Union | USSR focus on military budget, no new forms of agricultural, focus on heavy industry led to downturn in productivity in 1970s and 1980s |
| standard of living disparity - developed vs. developing | health, life-expectancy wealth of industrialized nations dwarfs that of developing world |
| Star Wars | Nickname for Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) - shooting down nuclear weapons from space - never actually worked, but scared USSR into economic bankruptcy |
| stateless society | an ethnic group not represented by its own unique, coterminous state |
| steam power: | steam engine is a heat engine that makes use of the thermal energy that exists in steam, converting it to mechanical work. Steam engines were used in pumps, locomotive trains and steam ships, and was essential to the Industrial Revolution. They are still used for electrical power generation using a steam turbine |
| steppe diplomacy | institution that the Mongols employed to all empires under its control. Paying tribute was one aspect of it |
| steppes | a vast semiarid grass-covered plain, found in southeast Europe and Mongolia |
| strategic bombing | systematic targetting of civilians - both residential and industrial capability - destroy will to fight |
| Strategic Defense Initiative | Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) - shooting down nuclear weapons from space - never actually worked, but scared USSR into economic bankruptcy |
| stratified society- | No chance for social mobility. |
| stream of consciousness | literary method of merely writing random thoughts - no linear structure - thank you James Joyce |
| suffrage: | voting rights; suffrage movement; universal suffrage |
| sugar production and the slave trade | labor intensive, dangerous, spurred growth of Atlantic Slave trade to Caribbean/Latin America - numbers kept up through extensive trade, not through reproduction - males primarily brought over - overseers keep order violently, absentee landowners |
| Suharto | 2nd president of Indonesia 1967-1998 - controlled Indonesia with force/political maneuvering |
| Suleiman I | Ruler of Ottoman Empire - same time as Charles V - fair ruler/expanded holdings, reconstructed legal system |
| sultan | Islamic title, used for rulers of the Muslim country |
| sun never sets on the British empire | a phrase that emerged in response to the British dominance during the Modern Era. Britain was the first nation to industrialize and thus, was able to gain an advantage over all other competing nations. |
| Sunni versus Shiite | Sunnis believe this process was conducted in a fair and proper manner and accept Abu Bakr as a righteous and rightful Caliph. The second major sect, the Shia, believe that the Prophet had appointed his son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor years earlier during an announcement at Ghadir Khom. |
| superpowers | Following WWII - two nations emerge as military, economic world leaders - USSR and USA |
| Swahili | A Bantu language of the coast and islands of eastern Africa from Somalia to Mozambique |
| sweet potato: | important North American starch in China |
| syncretism | attempt to merge disparate traditions or practices and combine them with another tradition. (religion also) |
| T’ang | Chinese emperor who overthrew the Hsia dynasty and founded the Shang dynasty |
| Taika Reforms | attempt to remake Japanese monarch into an absolute Chinese- style emperor…also tried to make a professional bureaucracy and peasant conscript army |
| Taiping Rebellion – | Rebellion initiated by Hong Xiuquan to overthrow the Manchurians and establish the kingdom of Heaven in China. Got off to an impressive start militarily but only because Hong avoided attacking large urban centers. |
| Taiwan and Kuomintang | Chiang Kai Shek fled to Taiwan, dictatorship of Taiwan - prepared for invasion of China - survived w/ US assistance |
| Talmud | of a series of disputations that took place in Europe during the Middle Ages, a group of rabbis were called upon to defend the Talmud. The attacks against Judaism was based on a long held idea that rabbis had "distorted" the Bible through their interpretations, keeping Jews from "adopting" Christianity. |
| Tang | dynasty that succeeded the Sui in 618 C.E… more stable than the previous dynasty |
| Tao Te Ching | The Way of Changes, a Chinese classic written by Lao Tzu around the 3rd century BC It is the fundamental text of Taoism |
| Tao-te Ching and the I Ching | The Book of the Way and its Virtue (see chapter below on translating the title) is an ancient Chinese scripture. The work is traditionally said to have been written around 600 BCE by the famous sage called Laozi. oldest of the Chinese classic texts. It describes an ancient system of cosmology and philosophy which is at the heart of Chinese cultural beliefs. |
| tax farming | collection of taxes was assigned to an individual or group |
| taxation without representation | Taxes were levied on American colonies, but they were not represented in Britain’s parliament |
| tea and Chinese trade with Europe | Portuguese discover Chinese tea in 1560s, starts as drink of the wealthy, eventually supply increases, becomes part of daily life of Europe, dominates life |
| tea ceremony | Japanese ceremony with Chinese influences symbolizing tranquility |
| technology | application of science, for commercial or industrial objectives |
| temperance – | a movement to moderate and lessen alcohol consumption |
| Ten Commandments | list of religious and moral imperatives which, according to the Bible, was spoken by the god YHWH to Moses on Mount Sinai and engraved on two stone tablets. |
| terrorism | The use of violence and intimidation to try and gain political awareness or right. |
| textile mills: | a factory for making textiles, one of the 1st major industries during the IR |
| theocracy | form of government in which a religion or faith plays a dominant role. |
| Theravada (Hinayana) and Mahayana Buddhism | T - Buddha is Teacher; M - Buddha is God. |
| Third Reich | Hitler's plan to have Germany reign for a Thousand Year Empire over Europe - lasted 6 years - nice try |
| Thomas Paine | writing by American revolutionary that advocated separation from Britain and republican government |
| Thousand and One Nights | Arabian Nights' Entertainment: a collection of folktales in Arabic dating from the 10th century |
| thuggee - | The practice of robbery and assassination practiced by the Thugs. |
| Tiananmen Square | In China, student led, believed the Communist party led government was too corrupt and repressive. Government doesn’t permit democratic reform, 1989. |
| Tikal | A ruined Mayan city of northern Guatemala. It was the largest of the Mayan cities and may also be the oldest |
| Tokugawa Shogunate | a feudal military dictatorship of Japan established in 1603 by Tokugawa Ieyasu and ruled by the shoguns of the Tokugawa family until 1868. This period is known as the Edo period and gets its name from the capital city of Edo, now Tokyo based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The warrior-caste of samurai were at the top, followed by farmers, artisans, and traders |
| Tokugawa Shogunate- | seized control in 1600s, authority with emperoer, reality with shogunate, Samurai top, centralized Japan. Warring states to peaceful country. |
| Torah | refers to the first section of the Tanakh–the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, or the Five Books of Moses, but can also be used in the general sense to also include both the Written and Oral Law. |
| total war | Entire economy, political, social system geared for war - civilians become targets - government takes greater control of everyday life |
| Totalitarianism | New form of gov’t created during the interwar years in Italy. Uses modern tech, bureaucracy to control everyone, imposed censorship, controlled culture, put dissidents in prison, propaganda to create cult of personality. |
| Toussaint L’Ouverture | a leader of the Haitian revolt against France |
| Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade | The triangular slave trade- from Africa to Caribbean and then the Americas |
| transportation revolution: | a term often used by historians to describe the dramatic improvement in transportation in the West that took place in the early 1800s. The Transportation Revolution included greatly improved roads, the development of canals, and the invention of the steamboat and railroad. Shipping costs were lowered as much as 90 percent in this era, which gave a big boost to trade and the settlement of new areas of land. |
| Treaty of Brest-Litovsk | treaty between USSR and the Central Powers, calling for Russia to withdraw from WWI and to surrender territory. |
| Treaty of Verdun | 843 the three surviving sons of Louis the Pious divided his territories, the Carolingian Empire, into three kingdoms |
| trench warfare | A type of combat where opposing troops fight one another in trenches, where conditions are extremely poor, hygienically. |
| tribute | The sacrificing to the gods or the offering and payments to the leaders and/or owners of the land |
| Truman Doctrine | United States was prepared to send any money, equipment, or military force to countries that were threatened by the communist government. Assisting countries resisting communism. |
| Tula | capital of the Toltec people, established around 968 CE |
| uji | An aristocratic lineage group of prehistoric origin (i.e., the Fujiwara, the Taira) |
| Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates | Umayyad: Clan of Quraysh that dominated politics and commercial economy of Mecca; clan later able to establish dynasty as rulers of Islam. Abbasid: Dynasty that succeeded the Umayyads as caliphs within Islam (750 C.E.) A caliph is a political and religious successor to Muhammad. |
| UN police action | the United Nations starting a military action without declaration of war; against violators of international peace and order |
| unequal treaties | a series of treaties signed by several Asian states, including the Qing Empire in China, late Tokugawa Japan, and late Chosun Korea, and foreign powers during the 19th and early 20th centuries. This was a period during which these states were largely unable to resist the military and economic pressures of the primary Western powers. China forced to open up all its ports to Britain. |
| unification | The joining of two or more groups |
| universal manhood suffrage | voting rights extended to men without discrimination |
| unprecedented | Lacking previous experience of the sort |
| upper class women: | affluent women with absolutely no lives; led the women’s rights movements at the end of the IR |
| urbanization | The change from rural to urban lifestyle |
| US foreign policy - Latin America | Latin America = US views L America as their sphere of influence, gained Puerto Rico/Virgin Islands, military present in Panama, sponsored dictators in Venezuela/Cuba |
| vernacular languages | the native language of a particular locality |
| Victor Emmanuel II- | King of Sardinia + Count Camillo Cavour, push nationalism, towards the unification of Italy. |
| Victorian Age – | era of Britain’s industrial revolution and Queen Victoria’s reign from 1837 to 1901 |
| Vietnam War | Based on Domino Theory, US wanted to prevent communist takeover by Vietcong forces up North |
| villein | one of a class of feudal serfs, that held legal status of freedom in dealings with ppl except their lord |
| viziers | -ranking political (and sometimes religious) advisor or Minister, often to a Muslim monarch such as a Caliph, Amir, Malik (king) or Sultan |
| Vladimir Lenin | founder of the Bolsheviks and leader of Russian revolution, first leader of USSR |
| Vladimir I | Ruler of Russian kingdom of Kiev – converted kingdom to Christianity |
| Voltaire | Enlightened thinker spoke out against the Church, corresponded with Enlightened Monarchs |
| Wannsee Conference | 1942 - high level Nazis meet secretly to discuss, agree upon "Final Solution" |
| war | state of widespread conflict between states, organisations, or relatively large groups of people, which is characterised by the use of violent, physical force between combatants or upon civilians. |
| War guilt clause | During Treaty of Versailles. Said Germany must accept full blame (article 231). |
| warlordism | A military commander exercising civil power in a region, whether in nominal allegiance to the national government or in defiance of it |
| Warsaw Pact | Military alliance, response to NATO, Soviet Union created own nuclear capability. |
| water pollution: | pollution in the water; from poor sanitation |
| Wealth of Nations- Adam Smith: | founding father of economics, Adam Smith wrote The Wealth of Nations, published in 1776. His most famous concept was that markets guide economic activity and act like an "invisible hand" - allocating resources through prices, which rise when there is a shortage of a commodity and fall when it is plentiful. |
| weapons of mass destruction - nuclear, bio, chem | new phase of military technology that can be delivered by individuals, not states, requires less money, heavy civilian casualties |
| Weimar Republic | the democratic government of Germany between the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II and the assumption of power by Adolf Hitler; it was unpopular because of its acceptance of the harsh provisions of the Treaty of Versailles |
| Western scientific thought | Systematic apporach of observation, hypothesis formation, hypothesis testing and hypothesis evaluation that forms the basis for modern science. |
| White Man’s Burden/Rudyard Kipling | belief that god asked Caucasians to enslave or take responsibility of the colored |
| women in the workplace | Women took men’s place in jobs during wartime giving them more rights. |
| Women Question | What is their sphere and role. |
| Women’s Emancipation movements: | movements for greater female rights; referred to as feminist movement |
| women's movements, feminism, women's liberation | suffrage Western Europe after WWI, but in 1950s fluorished - Feminine Mystique novel - women want choice - 1950-2006 saw unprecedented changes in gender equity - now women surpass men educationally, gov'ts step in to guarantee fair treatment - inequities, harassment still exist |
| woodblock printing | It is a technique for printing used widely throughout East Asia and originating in China sometime between the mid-6th and late 9th centuries |
| Woodrow Wilson | US President. Created 14 points. Wanted to make world “safe for democracy”. |
| World Bank | Concession for aid, for example commit to buy products, favor investors, lend countries to enter into alliances and permit military bases on the territory of the client state. |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | international body that sets the rules for global trade - competitive trading, but give chance for developing nations to join, must follow certain civil rights codes |
| Wu Zhao | Empress in China; supported Buddhism |
| Yamato clan | Gained control of the nation over other rival clans around 400 CE. Established an imperial court similar to that of China in 700 CE |
| Yasser Arafat - Palestine Liberation Organization | Leader of terrorist organization wanting to evict Israelis, regain homeland, representation for Palestinian people - later becomes political party |
| YHWH | "Yahweh", God's name. |
| Young Turks | Members of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century. |
| Young Turks - | A member of a Turkish reformist and nationalist political party active in the early 20th century. |
| Yuan dynasty | 1271 to 1368, also called the Mongol Dynasty. Period of Kublai Kahn and the Mongols dominance over China |
| Yuan Shikai | Chinese politician. Authorized by China's final imperial edict to create a republican government, he was named president but ruled as a dictator (1912–1916). |
| Yugoslav Wars (Croatia, Bosnia, Kosovo) | after fall of USSR - ethnic divisions resulted in all-out Civil War - genocide on massive scale - United Nations comes in but struggles to figure out who is good guy/bad guy |
| zakat | obligatory tax for Muslims--used for charity |
| zamindars – | was employed by the Mughals to collect taxes from peasants |
| Zimbabwe, Great | country where Bantu ppl began migrating into, linked to the establishment of trade ties with muslim merchants on Indian ocean (bout 10th century) trading natural resources such as gold, ivory, copper for cloth and glass |
| Zulu | South African tribe led by Shaka Zulu that united tribes through warfare and then posed threat to Boers and British, one of few instances where non-Europeans able to defeat Europeans in battle |
2013년 4월 25일 목요일
book list 798
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